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<font color="#A9501B">Purpose and general use of Seagoing bulk carriers</font></span><br />
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Operation of sea going bulk carriers involved numerous hazards . Careful planning and exercising due caution for all critical shipboard matters are important . This site is a quick reference to international shipping community with guidance and information on the loading and discharging of various bulk cargo types and is to remain within the limitations as specified by the classification society.<br />
It is vital to reduce the likelihood of over-stressing the ship's structure and also complying with all essential safety measures for a safe passage at sea. Our detail pages contain various bulk carrier related topics that might be useful for people working on board and those who working ashore in the terminal.<br />
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<b>General features of seagoing bulk carriers<br />
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Bulk carriers are single-deck vessels, designed with top-side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and are intended primarily to carry single-commodity solid bulk cargo.<br />
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Solid bulk cargo means any material, other than liquid or gas , consisting of a combination of particles , granules or any larger piece of material, generally uniform in composition, which is loaded directly into the cargo spaces of a ship without any immediate form of containment. Example of such dry cargo are grain, sugar and ores in bulk.<br />
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In its broadest sense, the term bulk carrier embraces all ships designed primarily for the carriage of solid or liquid cargo in bulk form, and so would include tankers. In ordinary usage, however, the term is normally used for those vessels designed for the transport of solid bulk cargos, typically grain and similar agricultural products, and mineral products like coal, ore, stone, etc., on one or more voyage legs.<br />
<br />
<font color="#A9501B"><b>What is a bulk carrier ?</b></font><br />
"A ship which is intended primarily to carry dry cargo in bulk, including such types as ore carriers and combination carriers"<br /></b>
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<img src="ore-carrier-sea-passage.jpg" alt="ore carrier sea passage" width="300" height="168" /><br />
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Fig : A Bulk carrier on sea passage
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General features of bulk carriers are:<br />
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<ol>
<li>Carrying capacity varying from 3,000 tonnes to 300,000 tonnes<br /></li>
<li>average speed of 12 ~ 15 knots<br /></li>
<li>single deck ships, ie no tweendecks<br /></li>
<li>small to medium sized bulk carriers (carrying capacity up to 40,000 tonnes) generally have cargo handling gear fitted, while larger vessels use shore based facilities for loading and unloading<br /></li>
<li>the cargo holds are usually large, without any obstructions, with larger hatch sizes to allow easy loading/unloading of cargoes<br /></li>
<li>most bulk carriers have one cargo hold dedicated as a ballast hold. This can be used on ballast voyages for improved stability. One or two further holds may be permitted for partially ballasting but only in port<br /></li>
<li>they have hydraulic, single pull or stacking (piggy- back) type steel hatch covers<br /></li>
<li>these ships usually have four types of ballast tanks :<br />
sloping topside wing tanks<br />
sloping bottom side wing tanks<br />
double bottom tanks<br />
fore peak and after peak ballast water tank.</li>
</ol><br />
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<img src="bulk-carrier-statistics-worlwide.PNG" alt="Bulk carrier statistics" width="555" height="313" /><br />
Fig: Bulk carrier statistics<br />
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The first reference source for the carriage of bulk cargo should be the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC), issued by IMO. It was revised and reissued in 2009. It is a requirement that a copy of the Code should be onboard a bulk carrier, and the revised Code is mandatory under SOLAS from 1 January 2011.<br />
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<b>Other reference publications</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Thomas Stowage: The Properties of Stowage of Cargoes</li>
<li>IMDG Code + Supplement to the Code</li>
<li>MARPOL 73/78 and amendments</li>
<li>IMO Resolution A.868 (20) Guidelines for Preventing the Introduction of Unwanted Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens from Ships Ballast Water and Sediment Discharged</li>
<li>Ships Cargo Securing Manual (Approved by Class)</li>
<li>SOLAS 1974 and amendments</li>
<li>Guide to Port Entry</li>
</ul><br />
<b>Our detail pages illustrates many safety aspects of Bulk carrier</b><br />
<br />
<span class="style2"><a href="/">Home page</a> |||<a href="types-of-ship.html">Bulk carrier types</a> ||| <a href="coal-hazards.html">Handling of bulk coal</a> |||<a href="cargo-planning.html">Cargo planning</a> ||| <a href="carriage-of-grain.html">Carriage of grain</a> |||<a href="iron-ore.html">Risk of iron ores</a> |||<a href="self-unloaders.html">Self unloading bulk carriers</a> |||<a href="sea-passage.html">Care of cargo & vessel</a> |||<a href="cargo-liquefaction.html">Cargoes that may liquefy</a> |||<a href="suitability-of-ships.html">Suitability of ships</a> |||<a href="terminal.html">Terminal guideline</a> |||<a href="hold-cleaning.html">Hold cleaning</a> |||<a href="cargo-cranes.html">Cargo cranes</a> |||<a href="ballast-handling.html">Ballast handling procedure</a> |||<a href="causes-of-failure.html">Bulk carrier safety</a> |||<a href="fixed-fire-fighting-systems.html">Fire fighting systems</a> |||<a href="arrangement.html">Bulk carrier General arrangement</a><br />
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<b>Top articles<br />
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<li><b><a href="handling-cargo.html">Care of cargo during loading- Trimming pours</a><br />
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<li><b><a href="cargo.html">Classification of various dry bulk commodities</a><br />
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<li><b><a href="draft-survey.html">Practice of draft survey & measurement of bulk cargo loaded or discharged</a></b></li>
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