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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, September 8, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/tesla-reaches-1-million-powerwalls.html'>Tesla Reaches 1 Million Powerwalls: Revolutionizing Home Energy Storage</a>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQyz_XLGFylL3G_xdzOS9u4t9MnpDFUeRczyTT1oCJJjvd0zmJnaZ2udPacPYukLLqV0Rjfhi-vRkzxoGOLyQhirwQIc0kf8eC7Z1mDmUQMpd1cZNwqvYS7on_2d53_7cGWa0PCXv3dHhFAbFXu0i8nW6tmE5aHL4_Uu5Fy4IpfjeweHFo71rBeHMVZsg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1536" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQyz_XLGFylL3G_xdzOS9u4t9MnpDFUeRczyTT1oCJJjvd0zmJnaZ2udPacPYukLLqV0Rjfhi-vRkzxoGOLyQhirwQIc0kf8eC7Z1mDmUQMpd1cZNwqvYS7on_2d53_7cGWa0PCXv3dHhFAbFXu0i8nW6tmE5aHL4_Uu5Fy4IpfjeweHFo71rBeHMVZsg=w640-h426" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444;">Tesla's Milestone: Manufacturing the 1 Millionth Powerwall</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />

<p>Tesla has achieved a massive milestone in sustainable energy by manufacturing its 1 millionth Powerwall. The Powerwall is a home battery system designed to store solar energy, provide backup power, and integrate with the grid. This achievement, announced in early September 2025, underscores Tesla's rapid growth in the energy storage sector. The 1 millionth unit is set to be installed soon, and all Tesla Powerwall owners can track the progress in the Tesla app with a new feature called "Road to 1 Million". As I write this, the app reports that 998,814 Powerwalls have been installed. With about 600 Powerwalls installed per day, lucky number 1,000,000 will be powered on soon and soaking up sunshine. </p><p>If you don't have a Powerwall and want to see the Road to 1 Million, I've included screenshots below.</p><p>It will join a global fleet that spans over 30 countries and contributes to a cleaner, more resilient energy future. Since the Powerwall's debut in 2015, production has accelerated dramatically, with the company reaching 500,000 units in its first eight years and now capable of producing over 700,000 annually. This expansion reflects increasing demand for reliable home energy solutions amid rising concerns about grid instability, climate change, and energy costs.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAh5e9AhVvc-t7S_bH5x2xg5pyv882Ic-z_S3NWK2czaHv1SmRLh9hyDPomhfZxQlUhPKoD3bRJxs0u_y4vKJWo--pawAVR0SkA5WBkbZnXZrfS2Z9mQGBI78wBx4D4BLU2jCu7l5sPlVNkQDgYhUzdptwHpCKEkbCXug3wpwqOp3jDTO8qSPUdQd_5t8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2364" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAh5e9AhVvc-t7S_bH5x2xg5pyv882Ic-z_S3NWK2czaHv1SmRLh9hyDPomhfZxQlUhPKoD3bRJxs0u_y4vKJWo--pawAVR0SkA5WBkbZnXZrfS2Z9mQGBI78wBx4D4BLU2jCu7l5sPlVNkQDgYhUzdptwHpCKEkbCXug3wpwqOp3jDTO8qSPUdQd_5t8=w432-h640" width="432" /></a></div><p></p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Key Specifications and Cumulative Impact</h3>

<p>The Powerwall, particularly in its latest Powerwall 3 iterations, offers robust specifications that make it a cornerstone of residential energy storage. Each unit has an energy capacity of 13.5 kWh and delivers up to 11.5 kW of continuous power output. Scaling to 1 million units reveals the immense collective potential.</p>

<p>The total energy storage capacity of these 1 million Powerwalls is 13.5 GWh, enough to power millions of homes during peak demand or outages. The combined power output capacity stands at approximately 6.7 GW, sufficient to supply electricity to an entire country like New Zealand for a day. These batteries have already demonstrated their value by providing blackout protection during over 21 million power outages worldwide. Assuming an average outage duration of 8 hours, based on typical US grid disruptions, this equates to roughly 168 million hours of blackout protection provided to date.</p>

<p>Each Powerwall contains around 824 lithium-ion cells, similar to those used in Tesla's electric vehicles. Across 1 million units, this totals approximately 824 million cells, highlighting the scale of manufacturing and the integration of Tesla's battery technology ecosystem.</p>

<p>To illustrate the aggregate impact, consider the following table:</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Metric</th>
<th>  per Powerwall  </th>
<th>Total for 1 Million Units</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Energy Capacity</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.5 kWh</td>
<td>13.5 GWh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Power Output (Average)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">6.7 kW</td>
<td>6.7 GW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lithium-Ion Cells</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">~824</td>
<td>~824 million</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Equivalent Megapacks</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">--</td>
<td>~3,461 (based on 3.9 MWh each)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

<p>This table underscores how 1 million Powerwalls rival large-scale systems, with the fleet equivalent to about 3,461 Tesla Megapacks.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Role in Virtual Power Plants and Grid Stability</h3>

<p>Powerwalls play a pivotal role in Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), networks of distributed batteries that act as a unified power source to stabilize the grid. In programs like Tesla's VPP with PG&E in California or in Puerto Rico, where over 100,000 Powerwalls are enrolled, these units discharge stored energy during high-demand periods or emergencies. For instance, in Puerto Rico's VPP, involving more than 63,000 Powerwalls, the system has prevented outages and balanced supply during storms, contributing up to 150 MW of support. This enhances grid stability by reducing reliance on fossil fuel peaker plants, lowering emissions, and preventing blackouts. In 2024 alone, Tesla's VPP events helped avoid grid strain, saving utilities millions in infrastructure costs and providing participants with incentives, such as $2 per kWh discharged in some programs.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Timeshifting Grid Usage for Efficiency and Savings</h3>

<p>Powerwalls enable energy timeshifting, where users charge batteries with solar or during off-peak hours when electricity rates are cheaper and discharge during peak times to avoid higher costs. This arbitrage can yield significant savings, with users in regions like California reporting annual reductions of $500 to $1,000 on utility bills. Pairing Powerwalls with solar panels to store excess daytime generation for evening use, effectively cutting peak-hour consumption to zero. This not only lowers individual expenses but also eases grid load, promoting overall efficiency and reducing the need for costly upgrades.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Benefits of Distributed Storage</h3>

<p>Distributing storage across millions of homes offers advantages over centralized systems, including enhanced resilience against failures, as no single point of vulnerability exists. It minimizes transmission losses, which can reach 5% to 10% in centralized setups, and allows for quicker deployment without large land requirements. Distributed systems like Powerwalls empower consumers with energy independence, foster community-level stability during disasters, and integrate seamlessly with renewables, accelerating the transition to a low-carbon grid.</p>

<p>In conclusion, Tesla's production of the 1 millionth Powerwall marks a turning point in democratizing energy storage. With vast cumulative capacity, grid-supporting features, and user benefits, these units are transforming how we generate, store, and consume power. As adoption grows, they promise a more sustainable and reliable energy landscape for generations to come.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1szw2BV2mBjNPzgbuCBmxrDOksojh4o83ngLRXwdh01p0mfpGcOhrOB76eXudAUHXv1-eWFWRL0hC3Pf9ljUHeRdxR9uiiNbdipKXYPLSxActuuCvLUaz4cJkeQIVmvfonvBR57Cq_APy1mm2f-9PvRz0Lb8yTqPADEABblICQ0Ft3rEgdfEnjmqS4KU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2376" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1szw2BV2mBjNPzgbuCBmxrDOksojh4o83ngLRXwdh01p0mfpGcOhrOB76eXudAUHXv1-eWFWRL0hC3Pf9ljUHeRdxR9uiiNbdipKXYPLSxActuuCvLUaz4cJkeQIVmvfonvBR57Cq_APy1mm2f-9PvRz0Lb8yTqPADEABblICQ0Ft3rEgdfEnjmqS4KU=w432-h640" width="432" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjr_CY48iPePdjB9brv1MM6tZbh1mSfK9sNFnFcyl69nN994rUVhmNrg54PRnjc24rwr-F_gsdCnUEz9z6xcsdLQpQ25PEH38uwE9vN5K9GEXQVs6nSmSz4pWldTRhCZAFmIbmCzG8zDZhpbN06BAB6BVXO9JKRhQHA_q1d21HrHI0RS13DFbuvFY854K0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2205" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjr_CY48iPePdjB9brv1MM6tZbh1mSfK9sNFnFcyl69nN994rUVhmNrg54PRnjc24rwr-F_gsdCnUEz9z6xcsdLQpQ25PEH38uwE9vN5K9GEXQVs6nSmSz4pWldTRhCZAFmIbmCzG8zDZhpbN06BAB6BVXO9JKRhQHA_q1d21HrHI0RS13DFbuvFY854K0=w464-h640" width="464" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhdbxJct7LZ8LYIy7ba5GSeerJI4j9Dowm_g6er9gitCv8vJxcaBXS3FkDi2fJEOSHQZaMXrcHLvWRHkxDq052NGy45jaQPBKNMKG8JJhwsmArWkTTZnnC0xmfTldg2QY9Srv74kQf4CxgL4zK5yVEKUceORBUKZiLbFTvlF4AE3vnlY_ryL_t1d1Gny0I" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2292" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhdbxJct7LZ8LYIy7ba5GSeerJI4j9Dowm_g6er9gitCv8vJxcaBXS3FkDi2fJEOSHQZaMXrcHLvWRHkxDq052NGy45jaQPBKNMKG8JJhwsmArWkTTZnnC0xmfTldg2QY9Srv74kQf4CxgL4zK5yVEKUceORBUKZiLbFTvlF4AE3vnlY_ryL_t1d1Gny0I=w448-h640" width="448" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0_ptgVcix5leiSI7G59M-sGABr0DRuTg6ZwFnEudIBk3pK3Ci_dn96Q3450ZSoAnucJAL1MS_FQUuvOGR36mPgShepqo5IIPJQ3Kc0TtCxTsT3CW8mZ2rrs14zXYmIhi_22vMlYLofjPCRtlVuLcH05BbwGa6gvR3SxV7BRXmVWBXj88lxy1mVn-9DF0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1251" data-original-width="1600" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0_ptgVcix5leiSI7G59M-sGABr0DRuTg6ZwFnEudIBk3pK3Ci_dn96Q3450ZSoAnucJAL1MS_FQUuvOGR36mPgShepqo5IIPJQ3Kc0TtCxTsT3CW8mZ2rrs14zXYmIhi_22vMlYLofjPCRtlVuLcH05BbwGa6gvR3SxV7BRXmVWBXj88lxy1mVn-9DF0=w640-h500" width="640" /></a></div><br />If you'd like a Powerwall or two, you can use my referral code: <a href="https://ts.la/patrick7819" target="_blank">ts.la/patrick7819</a><p></p>
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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/tipping-points-of-tomorrow-future-of-ai.html'>Tipping Points of Tomorrow: The Future of AI, Clean Energy, and Biotech by 2050</a>
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<div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; margin: 20px;">
<h1 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;">The Future of Three Tipping Point Technologies: AI, Renewable Energy, and Biomedical Science</h1>
<p>To predict the next 25 years for artificial intelligence (AI), renewable energy, and biomedical science we'll look at historical tipping points like electricity, automobiles, personal computers, and the internet. By 2050, AI and biomedical advances are poised to transform society as much, if not more, than their predecessors shaped the world we live in now. Let's explore their likely impacts on economic, social, and ethical dimensions.</p>

<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">Historical Context: Lessons from Past Tipping Points</h2>
<p>Understanding historical technologies provides insights into how current tipping points might unfold:</p>
<ul style="margin-left: 20px;">
<li><b>Electricity (Late 19th Century):</b> Enabled industrialization and powered homes, requiring infrastructure like grids. Adoption took decades due to cost and accessibility.</li>
<li><b>Automobiles (Early 20th Century):</b> Mass production made cars affordable, reshaping urban planning. Infrastructure (roads, fuel stations) was key, but pollution emerged as a challenge.</li>
<li><b>Personal Computers (1970s–1980s):</b> Affordable PCs and user-friendly interfaces revolutionized work and laid the digital economy’s foundation. Software ecosystems drove adoption.</li>
<li><b>Internet (1990s–2000s):</b> The web and broadband transformed communication and commerce. Open standards accelerated growth, but privacy and inequality became issues.</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Common Patterns:</b> Tipping points require affordability, infrastructure, and accessibility. They create new industries, disrupt existing ones, and introduce societal challenges. Progress is non-linear, with breakthroughs followed by refinement.</p>

<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)</h2>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Current State (2025)</h3>
<p>AI is shifting from specialized applications (e.g., image recognition) to general-purpose systems. Large language models and reinforcement learning drive applications in healthcare, education, and logistics. Challenges include computational costs, ethical concerns, and limited access in developing regions.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Historical Parallel</h3>
<p>AI mirrors personal computers’ shift from mainframes to desktops and the internet’s democratization of information, relying on data and connectivity.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Likely Developments by 2050</h3>
<ul style="margin-left: 20px;">
<li><b>Technological Advancements:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>2025–2035:</b> AI becomes cheaper, adopted in healthcare, education, and logistics. Regulatory frameworks emerge.</li>
<li><b>2035–2045:</b> Artificial general intelligence (AGI) or near-AGI systems transform industries. Developing nations adopt AI.</li>
<li><b>2045–2050:</b> AI is ubiquitous, like electricity, with personalized assistants and global integration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Economic and Social Impacts:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Jobs:</b> Automation displaces routine tasks but creates roles in AI development and ethics, requiring new skill development.</li>
<li><b>Accessibility:</b> Cloud-based AI lowers costs, enabling adoption in developing nations by the 2040s.</li>
<li><b>Inequality:</b> Wealth gaps may widen without equitable access policies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Challenges:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Ethics:</b> Bias, privacy, and misuse (e.g., deepfakes) drive regulations by the 2030s.</li>
<li><b>Energy:</b> AI’s computational needs require renewable integration.</li>
<li><b>Adaptation:</b> Public trust varies, with resistance in some regions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Key Enablers:</b> Advances in computing, data, and connectivity will drive AI’s growth, similar to infrastructure for electricity and automobiles.</p>

<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">2. Renewable Energy</h2>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Current State (2025)</h3>
<p>Renewables (solar, wind, hydro) account for ~30% of global electricity, with falling costs. Battery storage and smart grids address intermittency, but fossil fuels dominate. Policy support and corporate commitments accelerate adoption, though infrastructure and resource challenges persist.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Historical Parallel</h3>
<p>Renewables resemble electricity’s need for grids and automobiles’ reliance on fuel stations, requiring storage and infrastructure to scale.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Likely Developments by 2050</h3>
<ul style="margin-left: 20px;">
<li><b>Technological Advancements:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>2025–2035:</b> Renewables surpass coal and gas; storage costs fall; policies accelerate decarbonization.</li>
<li><b>2035–2045:</b> Renewables reach 70%+ of electricity; fusion pilots begin; decentralized systems scale in developing nations.</li>
<li><b>2045–2050:</b> Near-complete clean energy transition in developed nations; fusion commercializes; fossil fuel use drops below 20%.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Economic and Social Impacts:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Transition:</b> Renewables dominate by 2040, reducing fossil fuel reliance.</li>
<li><b>Jobs:</b> Millions of jobs in manufacturing and maintenance, especially in developing nations.</li>
<li><b>Access:</b> Off-grid solar reduces energy poverty by the 2040s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Challenges:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Infrastructure:</b> Grid upgrades and land use face resistance.</li>
<li><b>Resources:</b> Rare earth metal shortages require recycling or alternatives.</li>
<li><b>Geopolitics:</b> Oil-dependent economies face disruption.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Key Enablers:</b> Policy incentives, private investment, and storage innovations will drive the transition, like roads for automobiles.</p>

<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">3. Biomedical Science</h2>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Current State (2025)</h3>
<p>Gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), mRNA vaccines, and AI-driven diagnostics are transforming healthcare. Wearables enable real-time monitoring, but ethical, regulatory, and access challenges remain.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Historical Parallel</h3>
<p>Biomedical science mirrors the internet’s democratization of information and automobiles’ mobility revolution, requiring infrastructure like hospitals and data systems.</p>
<h3 style="font-size: 18px;">Likely Developments by 2050</h3>
<ul style="margin-left: 20px;">
<li><b>Technological Advancements:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>2025–2035:</b> Gene therapies and AI diagnostics become mainstream in developed nations; regulations evolve.</li>
<li><b>2035–2045:</b> Regenerative medicine and neural interfaces scale; developing nations adopt basic biotech.</li>
<li><b>2045–2050:</b> Biomedical advancements are widely accessible, transforming health and longevity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Economic and Social Impacts:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Healthcare:</b> Shift to preventive care reduces costs and improves outcomes.</li>
<li><b>Lifespan:</b> Life expectancy exceeds 90 in developed nations by 2050.</li>
<li><b>Access:</b> Affordable diagnostics reach developing nations by the 2040s.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Challenges:</b>
<ul>
<li><b>Ethics:</b> Gene editing and cognitive enhancement raise equity and identity concerns.</li>
<li><b>Inequality:</b> High costs may limit access initially, creating a biomedical divide.</li>
<li><b>Regulation:</b> Global cooperation needed to balance innovation and safety.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><b>Key Enablers:</b> AI integration, data infrastructure, and global health policies will drive progress, like standards for electricity and the internet.</p>

<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">Synthesis and Broader Implications</h2>
<ul style="margin-left: 20px;">
<li><b>Convergence:</b> AI will optimize renewables and biomedical advances, while renewables power AI and biomedical infrastructure.</li>
<li><b>Societal Shifts:</b> New industries will surpass traditional sectors, with longer lifespans, remote work, and sustainable cities by 2050.</li>
<li><b>Global Dynamics:</b> Developed nations lead, but equitable access requires cooperation. Developing nations may leapfrog to decentralized solutions.</li>
<li><b>Risks:</b> Ethical, environmental, and inequality challenges need coordinated governance.</li>
</ul>

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<h2 style="color: #444444; font-size: 20px;">Conclusion</h2>
<p>By 2050, AI, renewable energy, and biomedical science will be as integral as electricity, transforming economies and societies. AI will become ubiquitous, renewables will dominate energy, and biomedical advances will redefine health. These tipping points will shape a future of unprecedented opportunity, provided we navigate their risks wisely.</p>
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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, September 3, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/unpacking-teslas-master-plan-part-4.html'>Unpacking Tesla's Master Plan Part 4: A World of Sustainable Abundance</a>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjV5xMniUGRKcNdi9XOpwI0r1IdLpcxK3CNQ6hWPRT-yQFSUDWU01S0ZOjQW6VlXIrkqTILConaYYPGbUASCxVwH4xjbShL7935FxeCAeKVCT4GbsCwe-HDWTwKv03a241jnlwoVg6KxbhBXmWQnSEpIxrDbZRN5LFkyi3a99ARjT2ebZ91lRPxLrzF-gc" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1536" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjV5xMniUGRKcNdi9XOpwI0r1IdLpcxK3CNQ6hWPRT-yQFSUDWU01S0ZOjQW6VlXIrkqTILConaYYPGbUASCxVwH4xjbShL7935FxeCAeKVCT4GbsCwe-HDWTwKv03a241jnlwoVg6KxbhBXmWQnSEpIxrDbZRN5LFkyi3a99ARjT2ebZ91lRPxLrzF-gc=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></div><p>Tesla's Master Plan Part 4, titled "Sustainable Abundance," was released on September 1, 2025, via an X post from the official Tesla account. It builds on previous plans: <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/03/model-3-completes-teslas-secret-plan.html" target="_blank">Part 1 (2006)</a> focused on EVs, Part 2 (2016) added autonomy and energy, and <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/03/tesla-master-plan-3-is-about-moving-to.html" target="_blank">Part 3 (2023)</a> outlined advancing Earth on the <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/03/tesla-master-plan-3-is-about-moving-to.html" target="_blank">Kardashev Scale</a>. Part 4 (2025) emphasizes artificial intelligence (AI) integration <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/07/the-future-is-autonomous.html" target="_blank">into the physical world</a> (e.g., autonomous robots, <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/11/how-will-driverless-cars-change-our.html" target="_blank">cars</a>, and agents). </p><p>The plan envisions a technological renaissance <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/01/green-abundance-no-sacrifice-no-co2.html" target="_blank">where AI eliminates scarcity</a>, fosters sustainable growth, and enhances humanity. It draws on Tesla's foundation in EVs, energy storage, and robotics, unifying hardware and software to create a safer, cleaner world.</p>

<p>Tesla has been making progress toward full autonomy (FSD, robotaxis, & Optimus). Autonomy and AI could reduce costs, eliminate labor shortages, and enable hyper-efficient economies, while <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/11/how-will-driverless-cars-change-our.html" target="_blank">driverless fleets</a> reduce congestion and enable on-demand mobility.</p>

<p>Below is a breakdown of the major points, goals, steps, and products outlined or implied in Master Plan Part 4.</p>

<h2>Major Points (Guiding Principles)</h2>
<p>The plan is structured around philosophical and practical principles that reject zero-sum thinking, emphasizing technology's role in expanding opportunities. These are explicitly listed in the document:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Growth is Infinite</b>: Economic or resource expansion in one area doesn't require decline elsewhere. Shortages are solved via technology, innovation, and new ideas, drawing parallels to past revolutions like semiconductors and the internet that boosted the economy and created jobs. The word "infinite" may be overly ambitious; "sustainable growth" could be a more fitting description. </li>
<li><b>Innovation Removes Constraints</b>: Technological advancements can overcome barriers that once seemed unassailable, fostering progress toward a better future. This is illustrated by the transition from handwritten manuscripts to the printing press, which broke the constraint of limited book production and democratized knowledge. Additionally, the invention of the internet removed geographical barriers to communication and information. Furthermore, the creation of renewable energy technologies, such as wind and <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/benefits-solar-energy-and-vpps-for-your.html" target="_blank">solar power</a>, has begun dismantling the reliance on finite fossil fuels, promoting a more sustainable energy landscape. These examples showcase how innovation can dissolve obstacles, paving the way for a world with fewer limitations..</li>
<li><b>Technology Solves Tangible Problems</b>: Focus on real-world impact, with each product built more efficiently and sustainably than the last (e.g., solar and <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/battery-tech-advances-prices-drop-2010.html" target="_blank">battery systems</a> for reliable clean energy, autonomy for safer and affordable transport).</li>
<li><b>Autonomy Must Benefit All of Humanity</b>: AI and autonomy should enhance the human condition, prioritizing safety, daily life improvements, and equitable access.</li>
<li><b>Greater Access Drives Greater Growth</b>: Affordable, scalable tech democratizes society, maximizes time (humanity's most limited resource), and enables meritocracy where skills lead to achievement.</li>
</ul>
<p>The plan acknowledges the challenge's difficulty, predicting setbacks but affirming that they will be overcome to deliver abundance for generations.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEKPrJnuzbGL8NPjoEIk4-Ic25wAeSXpm8X2P861zzxsIHTv-_pxcZ86ouX8bdvNX6vnC4wm-k01mxO72uonD06w9BATcEdPEblOSRRPilGBq-EL3DL1gK4V2mUja-vj6Zwn2fhpMo8QMlnLnjJJN_jDHK8i3-_q99eLxCZUVx2TSsXBYowrqGUqxGm7Y" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1536" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEKPrJnuzbGL8NPjoEIk4-Ic25wAeSXpm8X2P861zzxsIHTv-_pxcZ86ouX8bdvNX6vnC4wm-k01mxO72uonD06w9BATcEdPEblOSRRPilGBq-EL3DL1gK4V2mUja-vj6Zwn2fhpMo8QMlnLnjJJN_jDHK8i3-_q99eLxCZUVx2TSsXBYowrqGUqxGm7Y=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>

<h2>Goals</h2>
<p>The overarching goal is sustainable abundance, a world without scarcity, powered by AI in physical form, leading to shared economic growth and human prosperity. Specific sub-goals include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Transition from a pre-autonomy to post-autonomy era, reshaping mobility, energy, and labor.</li><li>Eliminate resource and labor constraints through AI-driven automation.</li>
<li>Accelerate global prosperity by making advanced tech affordable and accessible at scale.</li>
<li>Foster a safer, cleaner, more enjoyable world by reducing pollution, accidents, and monotonous or dangerous work.</li>
<li>Push beyond perceived limits to create unconstrained sustainability without compromise.</li>
</ul>
<p>These goals extend Tesla's mission from energy transition to a broader societal transformation, where AI enables hyperabundance (e.g., near-zero costs for energy and labor).</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTBuPtF5Shxz66SvUH9Vi0bcIY33X_wR4X2pYRSsHfYu09PJn5hs1VgHHh0QP2DmhIVXwFSn6HS1cw61pdh_tGZDb5L9XjF16JVOTLHlxZ1RL5wys1t5oKRcCd4Ph19Re0RtOdqZH6sf7hLOa4J2lPctJ4sely3UyHqI-1hT2tiRU7wj2VA11bXirY6sk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjTBuPtF5Shxz66SvUH9Vi0bcIY33X_wR4X2pYRSsHfYu09PJn5hs1VgHHh0QP2DmhIVXwFSn6HS1cw61pdh_tGZDb5L9XjF16JVOTLHlxZ1RL5wys1t5oKRcCd4Ph19Re0RtOdqZH6sf7hLOa4J2lPctJ4sely3UyHqI-1hT2tiRU7wj2VA11bXirY6sk=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>

<h2>Steps</h2>
<p>The plan recaps <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/06/20-years-of-tesla-2003-to-2023.html" target="_blank">Tesla's historical</a> steps as a foundation and outlines a high-level path forward, emphasizing execution over timelines. It positions current efforts as the next chapter:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>Build Foundational Technologies (Already Underway)</b>: Leverage nearly two decades of work in EVs, energy products, and humanoid robots to create a base for AI integration.</li>
<li><b>Hardware and Software at Scale</b>: Combine manufacturing expertise with autonomous capabilities to develop efficient, sustainable systems.</li>
<li><b>Develop and Deploy AI-Powered Products and Services</b>: Roll out innovations that solve problems like energy reliability, transport safety, and labor shortages.</li>
<li><b>Overcome Execution Challenges</b>: Address skepticism and obstacles through tireless and exquisite execution, iterating on products to make them more affordable and impactful.</li>
<li><b>Scale Globally for Accessibility</b>: Ensure meritocratic access, democratizing tech to raise quality of life and maximize human free time.</li>
<li><b>Monitor and Adapt for Human Benefit</b>: Inform development by focusing on enhancements to safety, prosperity, and equity.</li>
</ol>
<p>Drawing from the Autonomous North Star, practical steps include expanding Robotaxi services (initially supervised, evolving to unsupervised), integrating with infrastructure like tunnels, and advancing FSD for true autonomy.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9j8HRdaRA3fUR_SB22tvE1-tLkRbieWmju5mjXBExuOls8HIamCnWwD3RDSokcEHbY966e9_zPxB3ZmdWc-dg2CV1GvjUvwIei-z2kt6y4bhpJdSllTfOi9imQGgKPkc435VM9a8zg4WWpBOSyrX_KYKl_JOCvVqY15JBACoikMsDK3qY92LI0ZX5NVw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9j8HRdaRA3fUR_SB22tvE1-tLkRbieWmju5mjXBExuOls8HIamCnWwD3RDSokcEHbY966e9_zPxB3ZmdWc-dg2CV1GvjUvwIei-z2kt6y4bhpJdSllTfOi9imQGgKPkc435VM9a8zg4WWpBOSyrX_KYKl_JOCvVqY15JBACoikMsDK3qY92LI0ZX5NVw=w400-h400" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>

<h2>Products Needed to Complete the Vision</h2>
<p>Master Plan Part 4 highlights existing and emerging products as key enablers, with a focus on AI unification. It implies a product ecosystem that scales abundance:</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Category</th>
<th>Key Products and Services</th>
<th>Role in Vision</th>
<th>Status and Needs</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Autonomous Vehicles</b></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Cybercab (two-seater robotaxi prototype)</li>
<li>Robovan (20-seater autonomous van)</li>
<li>Robotaxi service (using models like Model Y initially)</li>
<li>Redwood (compact crossover for mass-market autonomy)</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>Improve transport affordability, safety, and availability; reduce urban pollution and congestion. Enable shared fleets for on-demand mobility.</td>
<td>Prototypes in development; needs regulatory approval, unsupervised FSD rollout, and fleet scaling (e.g., remote monitoring to full autonomy). Integration with networks like Tesla Network or Boring Co. tunnels for efficiency.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Humanoid Robots</b></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Optimus (autonomous robot)</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>Transform labor by handling monotonous or dangerous tasks; free human time for fulfilling activities. Change availability and capability of work.</td>
<td>In production and testing; needs mass scaling, AI refinements for real-world tasks (e.g., serving, errands), and cost reductions to under $20,000 per unit for widespread adoption.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Energy Solutions</b></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Solar panels</li>
<li>Powerwall and Powerpack (battery storage)</li>
<li>Gigafactory expansions</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>Increase clean electricity reliability and affordability; power AI systems sustainably. Remedy energy shortages via innovation.</td>
<td>Ongoing scaling; needs more Gigafactories (four or more planned) for battery cost drops (30% or more reductions) and renewable integration to support AI and hardware demands.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>AI Hardware and Software</b></td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>AI5 and 6 (next-gen hardware for FSD and Optimus)</li>
<li>Full Self-Driving (FSD) software</li>
<li>AI6-based Dojo supercomputer (for AI training)</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>Unify systems for autonomy; enable Level 5 self-driving and robot intelligence.</td>
<td>AI5 in development; transparent data sharing, and ethical AI frameworks to ensure safety and benefits.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

<p>These products build on Tesla's core lineup (e.g., Model 3 and Y, Cybertruck) but pivot to AI-centric goals. To complete the vision, Tesla would need:</p>
<ul>
<li>Massive manufacturing ramps (e.g., more Gigafactories for batteries and robots).</li>
<li>Regulatory hurdles cleared for unsupervised autonomy.</li>
<li>Partnerships (e.g., with governments for infrastructure, or companies like Panasonic, Samsung, and TSMC for components).</li>
<li>Investment in R&D to hit cost targets (e.g., sub-$30,000 vehicles and robots) and efficiency gains.</li>
</ul>

<p>Overall, Master Plan Part IV is more visionary and principle-driven than prior plans, with fewer concrete timelines but a clear call to action for AI-enabled abundance. It demonstrates Tesla's desire to be a leader in reshaping society based on autonomy's transformative potential.<sup></sup></p>
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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/data-centers-are-stealing-your-ev.html'>Data Centers Are Stealing Your EV Savings! Oregon Fights Back</a>
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<h3><i>Data Centers Are Gobbling Up the Grid and Driving Up Electricity Rates for Oregonians</i></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXqCPqWQZ_yf9zXX3CSokI6i4HPtsE7yCO4m_G-fcxfJD0ZfTWAusTHPdA2Q4Mwd4E5LT0m19ktl15zthvXl_ZJAPmMYrHDVcTAj1MeyGjSufP-IMWtHyku6D6ZIi7G8mcsCIVI_IgAk9jJneRKbS-_kFowoLiHIkbVhpudZ1O-L6lv3gsBvRCkvi3_k/s960/image%20(22).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="960" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXqCPqWQZ_yf9zXX3CSokI6i4HPtsE7yCO4m_G-fcxfJD0ZfTWAusTHPdA2Q4Mwd4E5LT0m19ktl15zthvXl_ZJAPmMYrHDVcTAj1MeyGjSufP-IMWtHyku6D6ZIi7G8mcsCIVI_IgAk9jJneRKbS-_kFowoLiHIkbVhpudZ1O-L6lv3gsBvRCkvi3_k/w640-h426/image%20(22).jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div>

<p>Have you noticed that your electricity bill is higher than it used to be? Even if you are using less, your bill may still be higher than it was a year ago. You might dismiss this as inflation since prices for nearly everything have been on the rise. However, historically, electricity prices have risen more slowly than inflation. There's another factor that's driving your bill higher. The new player straining the system is massive data centers that power AI and cryptocurrency.</p><p>Many of us like and use one or both of these technologies, but that doesn't mean that we want to pay for them every month on our electricity bill. Highly profitable corporations, such as Google, Microsoft, and Facebook, alongside venture capital-supported start-ups, are constructing data centers. These swollen-coffers entities have the resources to establish their own infrastructure, without placing the financial burden on other ratepayers.</p><p>Data centers are undermining the century-old utility model, resulting in skyrocketing residential rates. In Oregon, where renewable energy and EV adoption are booming, this issue is front and center. Let’s dive into how data centers have broken the traditional model, how this has resulted in essentially giving them corporate welfare at our expense, how this has increased your rates, and (most importantly) let's explore how a new Oregon bill aims to address these issues.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Old Model</h3>

<p>The traditional utility business model, born over 100 years ago, assumed electricity demand would grow proportionally across residential, commercial, and industrial users. Utilities spread infrastructure costs for building substations and transmission lines across all customers. Say a new factory is being built. It will need workers, so new homes will be built. The people who live in those homes will need stores, restaurants, and other amenities. The utility then installs new infrastructure to support all these homes and businesses, and the upgrade costs will be shared by all the utility's customers. This method worked when factories, homes, stores, and restaurants all scaled together. </p><p>Enter data centers: these facilities guzzle power 24/7, often with the demand of an entire city. Data centers don't bring hundreds of jobs and homes, with supporting stores and restaurants that also share in the infrastructure growth. Data centers require a massive amount of infrastructure that solely benefits them. And they are exploiting this collective payment system to fund this infrastructure.</p><p>This mismatch turns into a subsidy for tech giants. Residential customers end up footing the bill for data center-specific expansions. For instance, Portland General Electric (PGE) spent $210 million on transmission upgrades in Washington County to serve data centers. Critics call it corporate welfare because data centers don't pay for the infrastructure and then only pay industrial rates for the electricity (around 8 cents per kWh), while households pay 19 to 20 cents per kWh, effectively further subsidizing the tech giants.</p>

<p>Oregon has <a href="https://www.datacentermap.com/usa/oregon/" target="_blank">137 data centers</a> and ranks 9th in the US (or 2nd per capita). The data centers here consume over 10% of our state’s electricity. Demand is expected to more than double by 2030. This will force utilities to buy more expensive power (from Western Energy Imbalance Market) and build out their generation and distribution capacity, exacerbating rate hikes on households unless something is done to restore balance.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">The Fallout</h3><p>Residential electricity rates in Oregon have surged about 45% since 2018 for customers of Oregon’s two major utilities. That’s from roughly 13 cents per kWh in 2018 to 20 cents per kWh today in 2025. Data centers are driving much of this increase. PGE’s industrial demand has spiked 95% since 2016, versus just 3.5% for residential. This added load, equivalent to 162,400 new households, has utilities scrambling, increasing reliance on fossil fuels and market buys, which inflate costs further. Oregon electricity rate increases are outpacing the national average. This means running your refrigerator, air conditioner, or charging your EV now costs more. </p><p>To illustrate the trend, here’s a breakdown of average residential rate increases for PGE and Pacific Power customers:</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>PGE Rate (cents/kWh)</th>
<th>Pacific Power Rate (cents/kWh)</th>
<th>Statewide Increase</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">  2018  </td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.5</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.3</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">Baseline</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2019</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.8</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.6</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2020 </td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.0</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">13.8</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2021</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.7</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.5</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2022</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.8</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">15.5</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">17%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2023</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">17.2</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">16.7</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">27%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2024</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">18.3</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">18.0</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">36%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">2025</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">19.6</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">19.5</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">45%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

<p>These price hikes have real consequences: over 70,000 Oregon households faced disconnections in 2024 due to unpaid bills, according to the Oregon Citizens’ Utility Board (CUB). While factors like wildfire mitigation and renewables transition play a role, the lion’s share is data center growth.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">The Solution: POWER Act</h3><p>Oregon House Bill 3546 is the Protecting Oregonians With Energy Responsibility (POWER) Act. POWER aims to fix this issue. It reclassifies data centers and crypto operations using 20 MW or more as large energy use facilities, separating them from general industrial users. It mandates data centers to 10-year power contracts with fees for over- or under-usage, and (most importantly) direct payment for infrastructure costs. No more shifting infrastructure costs to residential customers. The act was signed into law by Governor Tina Kotek in June 2025. The Public Utility Commission rulemaking for the act is currently underway. The act takes effect in October 2025 and requires biennial load reports starting September 2026.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">The Impact</h3><p>This act will help stabilize residential rates and prevent another 50% price spike by 2030. The price that data centers pay will be determined by the PUC and will likely be more than the 8 cents per kWh price they currently enjoy. Critics worry the act could slow tech jobs, but supporters argue it protects affordability.<br /></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Microgrids To The Rescue</h3><p></p><p>Oregon House Bills 2065 and 2066 are collectively called the "Microgrid Empowerment Act." These bills were also signed into law by Governor Tina Kotek this year. They establish a comprehensive regulatory framework that permits the development and operation of microgrids by diverse entities, including communities, tribes, municipalities, and private developers. House Bill 2065 focuses on enabling community-owned microgrids, empowering local groups to generate and manage their own electricity, often with an emphasis on renewable sources like solar and wind. House Bill 2066 complements this by allowing private entities, including businesses and third-party developers, to build and operate microgrids, fostering innovation in decentralized energy systems. Together, these laws aim to enhance grid resilience, reduce reliance on centralized power during outages, and promote the integration of clean energy, aligning with Oregon’s climate goals.</p><p>Data centers could leverage private microgrids under House Bill 2066 to both integrate renewables and avoid significant grid upgrade costs. By establishing private microgrids, data centers could install on-site solar, wind turbines, and/or battery storage systems. Thereby, generating a substantial portion of their power directly on-site. This would reduce their dependence and infrastructure demands on the utility grid, allowing them to bypass the need for expensive infrastructure improvements such as new power lines or substations, which can cost millions and are mandated under the POWER Act’s 10-year contract requirements.</p><p>Moreover, private microgrids could enable data centers to negotiate power purchase agreements with renewable energy providers, ensuring a steady supply of green energy tailored to their demand profiles. This setup could lower their effective energy costs. This would avoid transmission fees and grid maintenance charges. Additionally, by meeting Oregon’s renewable portfolio standards through on-site generation, data centers could gain regulatory incentives or carbon credits, further offsetting costs. This strategic use of microgrids could shift the financial burden away from ratepayers, aligning with the POWER Act’s intent while allowing tech giants to maintain operational efficiency and sustainability, potentially setting a precedent for other states facing similar energy challenges.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Wrap Up</h3>

<p>In conclusion, as we electrify our transportation and homes, we can’t let data centers derail the grid. Oregon’s POWER Act is a smart step toward equity, ensuring residential customers aren’t subsidizing big tech’s power binge. By holding these giants accountable, we’re paving the way for a resilient, renewable-powered future where clean driving stays affordable. </p><p>The Microgrid Empowerment Act gives new tools to data centers to deal with their power requirements without dependency on the utilities.</p><p>If you’re in Oregon, keep an eye on your utility bills; these could mean real savings the next time you plug in.</p>
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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, August 27, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/solar-power-in-2025-comparing-grid-tied.html'>Solar Power in 2025: Comparing Grid-Tied and Off-Grid Systems</a>
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<p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9mQHTv0c7ngsBsv8DCNOOyg-PsQsG9kPPrqQc1ShVJGznwteaIU9LwbqAXM1SChtQ_ZReZlhr7ajpuuuifw119F1DC_agcXXMaeOzFPuym2cyj4VdmwTvCK4AE2fgPBybzdwOAJe9KNMqBo28a6cxpCmCg0LN2NRuk9Yso7JHXTYkYh62UCkbVq9IAiI/s1536/PV%20grid-tied%20or%20off-grid.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1536" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9mQHTv0c7ngsBsv8DCNOOyg-PsQsG9kPPrqQc1ShVJGznwteaIU9LwbqAXM1SChtQ_ZReZlhr7ajpuuuifw119F1DC_agcXXMaeOzFPuym2cyj4VdmwTvCK4AE2fgPBybzdwOAJe9KNMqBo28a6cxpCmCg0LN2NRuk9Yso7JHXTYkYh62UCkbVq9IAiI/w640-h426/PV%20grid-tied%20or%20off-grid.png" width="640" /></a></div><i>Grid-Connected vs. Off-Grid Solar: Which Power is Greener & Cheaper in 2025?</i><p></p>

<p>If you're considering solar for your home, one big question is whether to stay tied to the grid or go fully independent. Today, we'll look at how these choices impact everything from your electric bill to the planet's health. We'll compare a net-zero grid-connected system (with true net-metering) against a robust off-grid setup. Both can include <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/05/installing-tesla-powerwalls.html" target="_blank">batteries</a>, but the off-grid setup demands more capacity for those cloudy winter days and a beefier PV array to keep the lights on year-round. We'll dive into CO2 reductions, upfront costs, and ongoing expenses, all updated for current realities. Spoiler: One option often edges out the other for most folks, but let's break it down.</p>

<h2>Understanding the Systems</h2>

<p>A grid-connected net-zero system is designed to produce as much energy annually as your home consumes, typically with an 8-12 kW PV array. Annually is a keyword here. You may supply the grid with energy in the summer, then use those banked credits during the winter. Any day's excess power charges your battery, then flows back to the grid via net-metering, earning you credits. The utility uses bidirectional meters to track imports and exports. Add in time-of-use (TOU) rates, where you shift heavy usage to off-peak hours (like charging your EV overnight), and virtual power plant (VPP) participation, where your battery helps stabilize the grid during peaks for extra incentive payments. This means you can use the grid as your backup, and the grid can use your battery when it's needed most; win-win.</p>

<p>On the flip side, off-grid solar means total self-reliance. You'll need a larger 15-20 kW array to handle low-production seasons and 2-3 times the battery storage for multi-day autonomy. No grid means no selling excess energy, so summer surpluses might go to waste. But hey, if you're in a remote spot or crave independence, this is empowering - just pricier and more complex.</p>

<h2>Which Reduces CO2 More?</h2>

<p>When it comes to slashing carbon emissions, grid-connected systems pack a bigger punch. A net-zero setup not only powers your home with clean solar but also exports surplus solar to displace fossil fuels elsewhere on the grid. Studies show this can reduce 20-50% more CO2 than off-grid, as VPP events avoid firing up gas peaker plants (emitting around 400-500g CO2 per kWh). For a typical US home, that's 5-10 tons of CO2 avoided yearly, including grid-wide benefits.</p>

<p>Off-grid is zero-emission on-site. You know that all the energy you use will be solar, which is great. However, this doesn't help your neighbors reduce their use of gas peaker plants. Plus, the extra manufacturing for oversized panels and batteries adds manufacturing and transport emissions (about 30-50g CO2 per kWh over 25 years). In hydro-and-wind-heavy mix regions, grid-connected (with VPPs and TOU optimizing) amplifies decarbonization since most of the remaining CO2 production is related to peaker plant operations.</p>

<h2>Cost Breakdown: Buying and Operating</h2>

<p>Upfront, grid-connected wins hands-down. A 12 kW system with one or two Powerwalls averages $25,000-$40,000 after the 30% federal tax credit (ending soon). Batteries alone run $9,000-$19,000 installed. VPP programs sweeten the deal with rebates ranging from $250 to $5,000 annual payouts.</p>

<p>Off-grid? Brace for $45,000-$65,000, thanks to the beefed-up array and additional batteries. No grid means no net-metering credits, so you're paying a premium for autonomy, but you don't have a monthly utility bill, so you're not at the whims of their price increases.</p>

<p>Operationally, grid-connected shines brighter. With TOU, you could slash bills 50% by loading off-peak, and net-metering often leads to near-zero or credit-positive statements. VPP typically pays $100-$1,000 yearly. Maintenance? $100-$300 a year, with batteries lasting 10-15 years.</p>

<p>Off-grid operating costs hit $500-$2,000 annually, mostly from faster battery wear (replacements every 5-10 years at $10,000+). No incentives, higher upkeep - it's rugged but expensive.</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr><th>Aspect</th><th>Grid-Connected (Net-Zero)</th><th>Off-Grid</th></tr>
<tr><td>CO2 Reduction</td><td>Better (20-50% more via grid displacement, VPP)</td><td>Lower (on-site only, higher construction emissions)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Initial Cost (After Incentives)</td><td>$25,000-$40,000</td><td>$45,000-$65,000</td></tr>
<tr><td>Annual Operating Cost</td><td>$0-$700 (depending on grid-connect fees and VPP credits)</td><td>$500-$2,000+</td></tr>
<tr><td>Best For</td><td>Urban homes, savings-focused</td><td>Remote spots, independence</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />

<h2>Final Thoughts</h2>

<p>In 2025, with rising utility rates (PGE's up 5.5%) and tech like VPPs maturing, grid-connected solar with batteries is the smart play for most US homeowners. It cuts more CO2 by greening the grid, costs less upfront, and operates cheaper thanks to net-metering, TOU, and VPP incentives. Off-grid has its niche for off-the-beaten-path living, but for everyday efficiency and environmental impact, staying connected wins. If you're pairing this with an EV, the synergies are huge (lower bills, cleaner drives, and a brighter future). Ready to plug in? Check your local utility and crunch the numbers; the sun's waiting.</p><h2>Referrals</h2>If you're within 50 miles of SunPath's office in Beaverton, Oregon, I recommend getting a quote from them for your solar project. Also (before or after you have the quote), tell them you were referred by Patrick from CarsWithCords.net, you'll get $500 off, and I'll receive a referral bonus.<br /><br /><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15.246px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaseXjIYgTbnPo9EjWTI8fDcxTYL3sLdZywGwwnywN-yCOgSqzXwkcHAGZYvyxNZLRSQ7iUhBDYdUwSTf7BeItQk9ha91aL4D1p7-bTZ13CaOq6LccskjsVVVNWK7bF5KVTuABEFef26QjZOhB9XGmrDjxANW9GO9AfSg5SqkkzjKrTK88_pYvRqIXWDM/s1158/SunPath%20-%20Clean.jpg" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaseXjIYgTbnPo9EjWTI8fDcxTYL3sLdZywGwwnywN-yCOgSqzXwkcHAGZYvyxNZLRSQ7iUhBDYdUwSTf7BeItQk9ha91aL4D1p7-bTZ13CaOq6LccskjsVVVNWK7bF5KVTuABEFef26QjZOhB9XGmrDjxANW9GO9AfSg5SqkkzjKrTK88_pYvRqIXWDM/w400-h313/SunPath%20-%20Clean.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a></div><br />If you're considering Tesla for your solar project, you can use my referral code (<a href="https://ts.la/patrick7819">https://ts.la/patrick7819</a>) for $500 off, and I'll receive referral points for Tesla merch.<div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://ts.la/patrick7819" style="color: #336699; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="700" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEqbC1uX-OlEzmUaD4yvNttlFHNFD0qr2KEfuYFFo19ugtaP7dF0_YuVz9uFRARqGE2WNxRDXvJVoBu9OkPPqNS6WhUra2_v_Zw6n5n7vLp00e-uHachULLENWV3aJZU-GY02tJH6y0PIhBiXoTWPl45tYBQe48Dhy-LvzUv59siqqmYJjL7BwfMIKbZY/w400-h334/Tesla%20Solar.png" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></div>Ω
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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, August 24, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/electrify-everything-recycle-endlessly.html'>Electrify Everything, Recycle Endlessly For a Future Free from Fossil Fuels</a>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbJLxXfXyDYsnZm8sO462wzAEQdb6wZBzZ9LOKRYJj2BeLpCj-wQ3382eRSSNqelOngAyFlIYP9avEAixeG29AOFMp-LAHapsp29mHmkLVCTI4pphyphenhyphenvE5J3vs_Rfy2gHo568dnzxjnhmEUVZ2jquUSn5tnyCJ-3LpB3KO0eDNsMS0BJRQYnPrsqCueDM/s1536/ChatGPT%20Image%20Jun%2027,%202025,%2001_53_00%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="1024" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDbJLxXfXyDYsnZm8sO462wzAEQdb6wZBzZ9LOKRYJj2BeLpCj-wQ3382eRSSNqelOngAyFlIYP9avEAixeG29AOFMp-LAHapsp29mHmkLVCTI4pphyphenhyphenvE5J3vs_Rfy2gHo568dnzxjnhmEUVZ2jquUSn5tnyCJ-3LpB3KO0eDNsMS0BJRQYnPrsqCueDM/w426-h640/ChatGPT%20Image%20Jun%2027,%202025,%2001_53_00%20PM.png" width="426" /></a><br /><span style="text-align: left;"><i>Do we have enough minerals on Earth to move away from fossil fuels?</i></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 800px; padding: 20px;"><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The transition to a fully electrified energy system requires mineral resources for batteries, electric motors, transmission lines, solar panels, wind turbines, etc. In this post, we'll examine the volume of materials needed and compare this to what we already have on hand.  </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">When the lifespan of these devices is complete, these minerals can be recycled to create a sustainable, closed-loop system. This is unlike fossil fuel use, which demands a continuous fuel supply; with no end to mining and drilling until the planet is desiccated. Electrification leverages finite mineral reserves that can be reused extensively, offering flexibility and resilience. This is "Electrify Everything, Recycle Endlessly" vision of a sustainable energy future. So let's look at what's required and see if it's possible to get there. </span></p>

<h3 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Minerals in Electrified Energy Systems</span></h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Batteries</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Batteries are central to electrification, powering electric vehicles (EVs) and storing renewable energy. Lithium-ion batteries (depending on the type) rely on lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, and graphite. Emerging chemistries, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), reduce dependence on cobalt and nickel, using more abundant materials like iron and phosphorus. </span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Electric Motors</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">There are seven broad categories of motors (DC, AC Synchronous, AC Induction, Switched Reluctance Motor, Stepper, Universal, Specialty). These broad categories can be further subdivided into 12 to 15 species (depending on your criteria). Not all motor types are suited for any given use<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>case, but there's a lot of overlap in where and how they can be utilized and the materials that comprise them.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Electric motors, particularly those in EVs and wind turbines, often use neodymium and dysprosium for powerful magnets, though alternatives like ferrite magnets are being explored to reduce reliance on scarce materials. </span>Electric motors can be made completely without rare earth materials and even without magnets. For example, the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) uses coils of a ferromagnetic material like iron to create a magnetic field in the stator. The rotor coils align with the magnetic field to minimize reluctance, producing motion. Since the rotor is simply iron (or similar materials) and the stator uses copper windings, no permanent magnets or rare earth materials are required. </p><p>Another example is the induction motor, which can be designed without permanent magnets. In a squirrel-cage induction motor, the rotor consists of conductive bars (often aluminum or copper) shorted together, and the rotating magnetic field from the stator induces currents in the rotor, creating torque. While some induction motors may use magnetic materials for efficiency, the basic design doesn't rely on rare earths or permanent magnets.</p><p><span>Both types are widely used in industrial applications and are valued for their simplicity, robustness, and lower reliance on costly or scarce materials. However, they may have trade-offs like lower power density or efficiency compared to permanent magnet motors in some applications.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span> </p>

<h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Transmission Lines</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Transmission lines are critical for delivering energy. They primarily use aluminum for conductors, such as Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR), All-Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC), or Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced (ACAR), due to its conductivity and low weight. </span>ACSR <span style="font-family: inherit;">often has a steel core for strength. Copper is rarely used due to cost. However, if aluminum is scarce or the price increases significantly, copper or Aluminum Conductor Composite Core (ACCC) with a carbon fiber core can substitute.  </span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Solar Panels</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Solar panels use highly abundant silicon for photovoltaic cells. Silver, tellurium, and indium are used for specific designs like thin-film panels. </span></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Wind Turbines</span></h4><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">We've already covered the electric motor portion, so now we'll look at the rest of the turbine. Wind turbines primarily use steel for structural components. These materials are finite but highly recyclable.</span></p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;">Round & Round We Go<br /></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px;">Good Batteries Become Great Batteries</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Recycling is a cornerstone of the electrified energy system. As JB Straubel, founder of Redwood Materials, noted, over 99% of battery metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel can be reused without degradation. Recycled materials often outperform newly mined materials since the repeated refining cycles enhance their purity. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">This high recyclability contrasts sharply with fossil fuels, where coal, oil, and methane that are burned, dumped into the atmosphere, and lost forever. Recycling programs for batteries, solar panels, and wind turbine components are expanding, reducing the need for virgin materials and mitigating environmental impacts from mining.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Additionally, by the time a battery is recycled for materials, the underlying technology has usually advanced, and new batteries often need less material for the same storage value. For example, the material from 100 five-year-old cells could make 120 new cells today.</span></p>

<h2 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Avoid the Fossil Fuel Lock-In</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fossil fuels lock societies into rigid systems. A petrol engine requires petrol, and a diesel engine demands diesel, with little-to-no flexibility to adapt to price surges or supply disruptions. Coal plants are similarly tethered to coal supplies. Continuous mining and drilling are necessary to sustain these systems, leading to environmental degradation and geopolitical dependencies. For example, oil extraction involves ongoing drilling, often in ecologically sensitive areas, while coal mining scars landscapes and emits significant greenhouse gases even before the coal itself is burned.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">In contrast, electrified systems offer flexibility. Battery chemistries are diverse, ranging from lithium-ion to sodium-ion, solid-state, or flow batteries. If cobalt prices surge, manufacturers can pivot to LFP or other low-cobalt options. Similarly, electric motors can be made in many ways, with many different materials. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">And even renewable energy generation itself is versatile. If solar panel costs rise due to silicon or silver shortages, wind, hydroelectric, or geothermal energy can fill the gap. Market dynamics drive innovation, ensuring that price spikes in one material or technology spur alternatives, fostering a resilient energy ecosystem, rather than a system tethered to a single volatile fuel source.</span></p>

<h2 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Challenges and Opportunities</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The transition to a fully electrified society requires significant mineral production increases for materials like neodymium, dysprosium, tellurium, and solar-grade polysilicon, as highlighted in a <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00001-6" target="_blank">2023 Joule</a>* study. While geological reserves are sufficient, scaling mining sustainably is critical to avoid environmental damage. Recycling mitigates this by reducing demand for primary sources. For instance, recycled copper from transmission lines and battery components can meet a significant portion of future needs, especially as EV adoption grows and end-of-life batteries become available.</span></p>

<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The environmental footprint of mineral extraction, though notable, is a small fraction of fossil fuel emissions. The Joule study estimates that material-related emissions for a 1.5°C scenario (4-29 Gt CO2eq) consume only 1-9% of the carbon budget, far less than the ongoing emissions from burning fossil fuels. Innovations in low-carbon mining and processing, coupled with recycling, further shrink this footprint, aligning with the goal of a "Future Free from Fossil Fuels."</span></p>

<h2 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mineral Requirements and Alternatives</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The table below summarizes key elements for electrification, estimated needs for a 100% electrified society by 2050, current mined quantities, global reserves, and alternatives, based on studies like the one from Joule and industry insights.</span></p>

<table style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; margin: 20px 0px; width: 100%;">
<thead>
<tr style="background-color: #2c3e50; color: white;">
<th style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Element</span></th>
<th style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Estimated Need (Mt, 2020-2050)</span></th>
<th style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Already Mined/In Use (Mt)</span></th>
<th style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Estimated Global Reserves (Mt)</span></th>
<th style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alternatives</span></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lithium</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.5-1.5</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.1</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">22</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sodium, magnesium-based batteries</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: white;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cobalt</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.3-0.8</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.14</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">7.6</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">LFP batteries, nickel-heavy chemistries</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nickel</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.8</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">2.7</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">95</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">LFP, iron-based batteries</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: white;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Copper</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">81.8</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">26</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">880</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aluminum, recycled copper</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aluminum</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">241</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">68</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">30,000 (30Gt)</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Recycled aluminum, steel</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: white;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Neodymium</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.9 - 1.0</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.02</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">12.8</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ferrite magnets, other rare earths</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dysprosium</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.08 - 0.09</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.002</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1.1</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ferrite magnets, copper induction magnet</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: white;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tellurium</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.042</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.0006</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.031</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Silicon-based PV, CIGS thin-film</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Silver</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.068</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.025</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.64</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aluminum, copper in PV</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: white;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Silicon (Polysilicon)</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">22.5</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0.75</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A (abundant)</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thin-film technologies</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Steel (Iron and Carbon)</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,960</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1,870</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">N/A (abundant)</span></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Recycled steel, aluminum</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="color: #666666; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Notes</b>: Needs are cumulative for 2020-2050 in 1.5°C scenarios (Joule, 2023). "Already Mined/In Use" reflects annual production as a proxy for in-use stock. Reserves are from USGS and other sources. Alternatives include substitutes and recycling.</span></p>

<h2 style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Conclusion</span></h2>
<p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The mantra "Electrify Everything, Recycle Endlessly" encapsulates the path to a sustainable energy future. Minerals for batteries, motors, transmission lines, and renewables are finite but recyclable (closed-loop), offering a stark contrast to the perpetual extraction demanded by fossil fuels (open-loop). The flexibility of battery chemistries and renewable energy sources ensures resilience against supply constraints, unlike the rigid lock-in of fossil fuel systems. By prioritizing recycling and innovation, we can secure the minerals needed for a "Future Free from Fossil Fuels," minimizing environmental impacts and ensuring a sustainable, electrified world.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">* <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00001-6">https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(23)00001-6</a></span></p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizEBZ0EXnGOrJsLuhGr3WwJN-Zq6W5X6FzV3b52GqCp-In2RLVLuMY-MclES2ce1no4mosaXnWTK5MTU8Z141xb6Sa7wh753Zei1MgXACmJsJlCu6xhK0aq1uiJJFvOWpKqJvT9jvOewe4P5TTUhyKdv3CyI0VbAgTtUmJFGSlYYYtewRTnz9KTqFhmiU/s1024/ChatGPT%20Image%20Aug%203,%202025,%2007_55_11%20PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizEBZ0EXnGOrJsLuhGr3WwJN-Zq6W5X6FzV3b52GqCp-In2RLVLuMY-MclES2ce1no4mosaXnWTK5MTU8Z141xb6Sa7wh753Zei1MgXACmJsJlCu6xhK0aq1uiJJFvOWpKqJvT9jvOewe4P5TTUhyKdv3CyI0VbAgTtUmJFGSlYYYtewRTnz9KTqFhmiU/w400-h400/ChatGPT%20Image%20Aug%203,%202025,%2007_55_11%20PM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><h3>Tesla’s Child Left Alone Detection Is A Leap Forward in Safety</h3>

<h4>Introduction</h4>
<p>Tesla introduced the Child Left Alone Detection feature in the May 2025 software version 2025.14.12. This feature marks a significant advancement in preventing child heatstroke incidents in parked vehicles. It leverages the in-cabin radar and builds on Tesla’s earlier safety innovation of Cabin Overheat Protection. We discussed Cabin Overheat Protection when it was released back in this 2016 article: <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/12/teslas-cabin-overheat-protection-could.html"><i>Tesla’s Cabin Overheat Protection Could Prevent The Worst Day of Your Life</i></a>.<br /></p><p>In the United States, an average of 37 children die each year from heatstroke after being left in vehicles. </p><p>Let's look at Tesla's history of safety innovation in this space and their latest improvement to help save the lives of their smallest passengers.</p>

<h4>2016 Cabin Overheat Protection</h4>
<p>Our 2016 <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/12/teslas-cabin-overheat-protection-could.html" target="_blank">article</a> highlighted Tesla’s Cabin Overheat Protection (COP), introduced in software version 8.0. This feature activates when the cabin temperature exceeds 105°F, ventilating the cabin and engaging air conditioning if battery charge permits. COP was not designed for intentionally leaving children or pets unattended; it did, however, mitigate risks in extreme heat if this unintentionally occurred. The article cited a Pediatrics study noting 693 child heatstroke deaths in vehicles from 1998 to 2016. The article referenced a tragic 2015 case involving a child’s death in the parking lot at my work. We noted that COP is a good start, other automakers should copy this, and Tesla should continue to improve it.</p>

<h4>Child Left Alone Detection: How It Works</h4>
<p>The Child Left Alone Detection feature was introduced in May 2025 in v2025.14.12. It uses a 4D imaging sensor called Cabin Radar that utilizes millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology.</p><p>Specifically, the radar operates in the 57-64 GHz frequency band. Tesla received a waiver from the FCC to use this band for in-cabin functions, including child protection and anti-theft.</p><p>This mmWave technology has the sensitivity to detect small movements like breathing and heartbeats.</p><p>Penetration Capabilities: mmWave radar can "see" through materials like car seats, blankets, and even clothing, allowing it to detect occupants that might be obscured from other sensors like cameras. This is vital for detection in the rear seats, which can be crucial for child safety.</p><p>Privacy Preservation: As it's not a camera-based system, it avoids the privacy concerns associated with in-cabin cameras.</p><p>Accuracy: It can accurately determine the presence, location, and even differentiate between adults, children, and pets, which could be used for more precise airbag deployment and other safety features.   </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Response</h3><p>When a child is detected alone, the vehicle responds decisively: it flashes exterior lights, sounds an alert tone, and sends notifications to the Tesla mobile app, repeating these actions until someone returns. This feature is enabled by default. The settings are found via Controls > Safety > Child Left Alone Detection. To address privacy concerns, all cabin data is processed locally and not transmitted to the cloud. The feature was initially available in the Highlander Model 3 vehicles in Europe, later expanding to Model Y, and Cybertruck, via over-the-air updates that enabled it for model year 2022 and later Tesla vehicles.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Standard Feature</h3><p>Tesla is including Cabin Radar as a standard feature in 2023 and later Model Y, Model 3, and Cybertruck vehicles. Qualifying vehicles that didn't come with the mmWave sensor installed receive a free installation of the required hardware.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Ongoing Safety Progress at Tesla</h3>
<p>Tesla’s safety innovations have evolved significantly since 2016. The Cabin Overheat Protection system was a reactive measure, addressing high temperatures after they occurred. In contrast, Child Left Alone Detection is proactive, identifying unattended children before conditions become dangerous. Tesla’s Q2 2025 vehicle safety report highlights Autopilot and FSD’s role in reducing crash rates by 40% compared to non-Autopilot vehicles. Tesla’s FCC filing for mmWave radar hints at other features that may utilize this tool, indicating potential for more child safety features.</p>

<h3 style="text-align: left;">Beyond Tesla: Industry Context</h3>
<p>Tesla’s Child Left Alone Detection aligns with a growing industry focus on preventing child heatstroke. The number of annual child deaths has sadly remained relatively consistent over decades. As summer temperatures continue to increase, even more tragedies could occur. <br /><br />In response, other automakers have introduced similar systems. For example, General Motors offers Rear Seat Reminder in models like the 2023 Chevrolet Traverse, alerting drivers to check the back seat upon exiting. Hyundai and Kia provide Rear Occupant Alert, using ultrasonic sensors to detect movement, with some models alerting with horn activation and app notifications. Toyota’s 2025 Camry includes a similar feature, and Audi’s Q5 has a rear-seat alert system. These systems, while effective, often rely on simpler motion sensors compared to Tesla’s advanced Cabin Radar, which detects heartbeats for greater accuracy.</p>
<p>Cabin Overheat Protection, Tesla’s 2016 innovation, also has parallels in the industry. Volvo’s Climate Control system in models like the 2024 XC90 maintains safe cabin temperatures, while Ford’s 2023 Explorer offers a similar feature to regulate heat. However, Tesla’s integration of over-the-air updates allows for broader retrofitting, enabling some 2022 models to adopt Child Left Alone Detection, a flexibility less common among competitors. The Euro NCAP’s 2023 announcement to include child presence detection in its 2025 safety ratings has spurred adoption, with 60% of new US vehicles in 2024 offering some form of rear-occupant alert, according to industry reports.</p>

<h4>Conclusion</h4>
<p>Tesla’s Child Left Alone Detection feature builds on the foundation laid by the 2016 Cabin Overheat Protection, transitioning from reactive to proactive safety. By leveraging mmWave radar to detect unattended children and trigger alerts, Tesla addresses a critical public health issue while setting a high standard for the industry. With competitors like General Motors, Hyundai, and Volvo offering similar systems, and Euro NCAP’s 2025 standards looming, the automotive sector is moving toward ubiquitous child safety features.</p>

<p><br />
<b>Supporting URLs</b>:<br />1: <a href="https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-rolls-out-new-crucial-safety-feature-aimed-at-saving-children/">https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-rolls-out-new-crucial-safety-feature-aimed-at-saving-children/</a><br /><br />2: <a href="https://www.notateslaapp.com/news/2756/tesla-adds-child-left-behind-detection-to-its-vehicles/">https://www.notateslaapp.com/news/2756/tesla-adds-child-left-behind-detection-to-its-vehicles/<br /></a></p>
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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, August 17, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/battery-tech-advances-prices-drop-2010.html'>Battery Tech Advances, Prices Drop (2010 - 2025)</a>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUSgdgJQb2dY1e0zX3tDM8Gqy1yw9Pr-vjOWnRC6Ra4seqwA0tEaKyQWrYQhsR3UOXiziRzHJb6xeh7kXFNHCbPr4nmkZkljOhemjuSKRvZDDdBffFOjwNgXbYmUWJhqfvCu0vyETZx9ys94G5dyuNjwghDCxK8H8rha15fBgP-dnTeLxF8XqzAaNj54/s718/image(2).jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="718" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJUSgdgJQb2dY1e0zX3tDM8Gqy1yw9Pr-vjOWnRC6Ra4seqwA0tEaKyQWrYQhsR3UOXiziRzHJb6xeh7kXFNHCbPr4nmkZkljOhemjuSKRvZDDdBffFOjwNgXbYmUWJhqfvCu0vyETZx9ys94G5dyuNjwghDCxK8H8rha15fBgP-dnTeLxF8XqzAaNj54/w400-h385/image(2).jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: arial; font-size: xx-small;">image by Grok</span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>The battery revolution is transforming global energy systems. Energy storage is spreading across sectors and regions to cut fossil fuel use and drive a zero-carbon future. Comparing today’s electric vehicle (EV) batteries to the 2010 Nissan Leaf shows massive progress, and current technology is already delivering without needing a magical breakthrough. While future innovations will push further, today’s batteries are proving their worth right now.</div><div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Battery Technology Advancements</h3><div>Lithium-ion battery chemistries dominate EVs. There are two primary Li-ion chemistries, nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP). LFP has a 45% EV market share in 2025, up from 41% in 2024. LFP growth is driven by low cost and safety. NMC has better energy density but a higher price. It's used in more demanding applications. CATL’s Qilin battery achieves 255 Wh/kg for NMC cells and 160 Wh/kg for LFP. </div><div><br /></div><div>Sodium-ion batteries can be 20% cheaper than LFP but have an even lower energy density. CATL and BYD produce sodium-ion cells suitable for smaller, short-range urban EVs. Solid-state batteries, hyped by Toyota and QuantumScape, promise higher performance but are stuck in development. Toyota’s obsession with solid-state is like little orphan Annie dreaming of tomorrow, always a day away. Silicon anodes and graphene-based batteries, advanced by Sila Nanotechnologies and others, enhance energy storage and charging speeds. This shows that there's a roadmap for continued improvement.</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;"><div class="separator" data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="" data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-bgcolor: #181a1b; --darkreader-inline-color: #c8c3bc; clear: both; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.2px; line-height: 16.632px; text-align: center;"><a data-darkreader-inline-color="" href="http://vlr.tynt.com/?format=txt&key=284d869ffe43382ebe88a02cabb697ab&u=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%2F-H7AGx5rZZ2w%2FU8DdjynWlhI%2FAAAAAAAAELU%2FT-JQU8sqxlg%2Fs1600%2FQuote-symbol.png&subId=w!hgjmhglwrhrq&txt=%C2%A0%20%C2%A0%20%C2%A0%20%C2%A0%20%C2%A0%20%C2%A0&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carswithcords.net%2F&ref=&title=Cars%20With%20Cords" style="--darkreader-inline-color: #6ea3cf; clear: left; color: #6699cc; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">           <img border="0" data-darkreader-inline-border-bottom="" data-darkreader-inline-border-left="" data-darkreader-inline-border-right="" data-darkreader-inline-border-top="" height="52" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgZrW0Du226HHGVNh0kyhdqg9EsyYXP4FMYrR9vHUEVbftptix24C87O9IupjmVOEbkewyaeoyJAiAbpYAruNQ00IH160uC-p7i9X3Jaq0PbHEIWW28m5_upDVyvxcUPdtlkD98blAGY/w68-h52/Quote-symbol.png" style="--darkreader-inline-border-bottom: initial; --darkreader-inline-border-left: initial; --darkreader-inline-border-right: initial; --darkreader-inline-border-top: initial; border: none; position: relative;" width="68" /></a></div></div><blockquote style="background-color: white; border: none; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="" data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-bgcolor: #181a1b; --darkreader-inline-color: #c8c3bc; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><i>Gradual improvements, year-over-year, have delivered batteries that can do everything that we need right now. There's no need to wait for a big breakthrough.</i></span></blockquote><div><span data-darkreader-inline-bgcolor="" data-darkreader-inline-color="" style="--darkreader-inline-bgcolor: #181a1b; --darkreader-inline-color: #c8c3bc; font-family: georgia; font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span></div></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">No Breakthrough Needed</h3><div>Comparing the cost and specs of the 2010 Nissan Leaf battery tech to 2025 cells proves we didn’t need to wait for a “game-changer.” The Leaf’s 24 kWh lithium-ion battery had 90 Wh/kg and a 73-mile range (EPA). At $750/kWh, the battery cost dominated the car's price tag. Today’s LFP or NMC batteries reach 160 to 255 Wh/kg, with ranges of 300 to 620 miles. A Tesla Model Y’s 75 kWh pack tops 300 miles, while premium NMC cells could hit nearly 400 miles for the same weight. Modern packs are 900 to 1,200 pounds and utilize efficient cell-to-pack designs. Modern charging speeds are much faster, with BYD’s 400kW stations reaching 80% in 10 to 20 minutes, far beyond the Leaf’s 50 kW DC charging. Modern durability is also better, with 2025 batteries holding 80% capacity after 200,000 miles, compared to the Leaf’s <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/05/7-years-of-nissan-leaf-ownership.html" target="_blank">poor degradation</a>. Today’s battery tech is electrifying cars, trucks, and grids, no solid-state fantasy required.</div><div><br /></div>

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMGKJWQfhTk9nMn0ruwcHfcO8PZvuqRgfYswa2OGDjmosweFPpxDftM0xYDD19ioRYyWzSBODl0EkrpCAJRSxH4HKLBIyE2Il3V4IChztduA9iskvxg_9EIyy7mvv58eblTMFQt3_baksZE7RQOb-anUhmEngN9MKgHdgcxSa5-Wd4xGDDNLfiEUE3Gp0/s780/Battery%20Tech%20Advancements.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="780" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMGKJWQfhTk9nMn0ruwcHfcO8PZvuqRgfYswa2OGDjmosweFPpxDftM0xYDD19ioRYyWzSBODl0EkrpCAJRSxH4HKLBIyE2Il3V4IChztduA9iskvxg_9EIyy7mvv58eblTMFQt3_baksZE7RQOb-anUhmEngN9MKgHdgcxSa5-Wd4xGDDNLfiEUE3Gp0/w640-h380/Battery%20Tech%20Advancements.png" width="640" /></a></div><h3>Battery Prices Plummet</h3><div>Battery prices have plummeted since the Leaf’s $750/kWh in 2010. In 2024 alone, global pack prices dropped 20% to $115/kWh, with China’s LFP under $100/kWh. In 2025, prices are nearing $100/kWh globally, with $80/kWh expected by 2026. This will allow EVs to have price parity with gas vehicles. Falling raw material costs, Chinese production surplus, and manufacturing innovations drive this trend.</div><div><br /></div><div>With these low prices, batteries will find their way into more applications. Energy storage for the grid and homes is just starting. With low prices, storage will be abundant. Imagine being able to draw from solar-charged batteries at any time, day or night, 24/7/365, avoiding peak rates and keeping the lights on during utility power outages. Batteries allow for this flexibility that intermittent sources alone cannot provide.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP3D_xIeYtnLOvajFdvMxyNi-GmrrX77_ilFhNZrBwmnWXhrlZM6jxhuYZjFXDQ3auwpNbOxcNHfPBnEltPjXf31leg7twq1lfJ0wWkAINIop8vGIZa03MMbmwTCfoW52mXShIoKP8JY6Q619qRnaV0ail9bwYKKHUihX2XyHe4JWbQXryrX0YgeeDzD4/s1387/Gt8hrS0W4AA_4f1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1125" data-original-width="1387" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP3D_xIeYtnLOvajFdvMxyNi-GmrrX77_ilFhNZrBwmnWXhrlZM6jxhuYZjFXDQ3auwpNbOxcNHfPBnEltPjXf31leg7twq1lfJ0wWkAINIop8vGIZa03MMbmwTCfoW52mXShIoKP8JY6Q619qRnaV0ail9bwYKKHUihX2XyHe4JWbQXryrX0YgeeDzD4/w640-h520/Gt8hrS0W4AA_4f1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><h3>Electric Vehicles in 2025</h3><div>Globally, EV sales reached 17 million in 2024, up 25% from 2023, with 2025 projections exceeding 20 million. China leads with nearly 60% of 2023’s registrations, followed by Europe and the US. Batteries now power grid storage, heavy trucks, and even short-range aviation. Supply chain and geopolitical challenges persist, but investment and collaboration will sustain progress.</div><div><br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%;">
<thead>
<tr style="background-color: #f2f2f2;">
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>2010 EV Battery Tech (e.g., Nissan Leaf)</th>
<th>2025 EV Battery Tech (Today)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cost</td>
<td>$750/kWh</td>
<td>~ $100/kWh</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td>Gravimetric Energy Density</td>
<td>90 Wh/kg</td>
<td>160-255 Wh/kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Charging Rate</td>
<td>50 kW</td>
<td>400 kW</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">
<td>Degradation</td>
<td>~4.2% annually <br />(passive air cooling)</td>
<td>~1.0-1.8% annually (liquid cooling)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EV Range</td>
<td>73 miles (EPA)</td>
<td>250-620 miles</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br />
<div><div>Over the past 15 years, incremental improvements have compounded, dramatically transforming battery technology. The 2010 Nissan Leaf’s 90 Wh/kg, $750/kWh battery offered a 73-mile range and slow 50 kW charging. Today, 2025 tech boasts energy densities that are twice as good (160-255 Wh/kg), at costs that are one seventh (~$100/kWh), and four times plus range (300-620-mile); while charging faster (400 kW vs 50 kW). <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/05/7-years-of-nissan-leaf-ownership.html" target="_blank">Battery degradation</a> has dropped from 4.2% to less than 2% annually, thanks to advanced cooling and materials, driving EV adoption and again demonstrating that current battery tech excels without waiting for breakthroughs.</div><div><br /></div></div><div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Wrapping Up</h3><div>Batteries are transforming our present, powering EVs with impressive ranges and rapid charging, significantly reducing reliance on fossil fuels. They enable renewable energy storage, stabilizing grids, and improving resilience. With improved density driving efficiency, costs are dropping. Reduced degradation ensures longevity, paving the way for a cleaner and more sustainable future. While future advancements promise even greater performance, there is no need to wait before deploying solutions. Continued innovation and recycling will amplify these impacts, making batteries the foundation of a <a href="https://x.com/FFfFossilFuels" target="_blank">future free from fossil fuels</a>.</div></div>
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<h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, August 13, 2025</span></h2>

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<a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/20-laps-around-earth-part-2.html'>20 Laps Around Earth [Part 2]</a>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQTYZ9MNNOlwc3NvR_XFjQmV0ZYg57aAry3MDR3L1VnoFqxMCMt65Dl6H5ZGgDdiW3BBCTJh2kmEaRcXblb2oJ8Qcy9ZcMTbdjO7PHhUeg0_IUMCHlU4bo3-WahWzDTtxodSiL2ponZYi2C93gnOmHynTfmstwaRjnqllU3tkmd_r3gBEZbyvq9RC-5CA/s1024/Tesla_Model_3_Around_Earth.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQTYZ9MNNOlwc3NvR_XFjQmV0ZYg57aAry3MDR3L1VnoFqxMCMt65Dl6H5ZGgDdiW3BBCTJh2kmEaRcXblb2oJ8Qcy9ZcMTbdjO7PHhUeg0_IUMCHlU4bo3-WahWzDTtxodSiL2ponZYi2C93gnOmHynTfmstwaRjnqllU3tkmd_r3gBEZbyvq9RC-5CA/w400-h400/Tesla_Model_3_Around_Earth.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>I recently published a post about generating enough solar energy to drive a <a href="https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/07/20-laps-around-earth.html" target="_blank">Tesla Model 3 around Earth 20 times</a>.</p><p>I received a question: "What's the value of half a million miles of electricity, and how much CO2 does that offset?" Those are interesting questions. I thought this would be just a small update on the original post. As I began to figure out the answers, it became apparent that these questions were deep enough for a complete post of their own. So, let's figure out the answers.</p><p>The 20 laps were solar-powered, but what if they were grid-powered or gas-powered instead? This is what we'll compare.  </p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Grid Electricity: Costs & Emissions</h3><p>Since our PV system was installed in 2007, there have been many changes, both in prices and emissions from our local utility. Therefore, I cannot simply use today's price or emissions values and multiply. Luckily, I recently posted a history of my local utilities price changes and emissions from then until now. So, let's apply those values to our fictional intercontinental equatorial highway and see what pops out.</p><p>From 2007 to 2025, PGE’s residential electricity prices increased from approximately 8.19 cents per kWh to ~17.43 cents per kWh. </p><p>During this same period, CO2 emissions per kWh have decreased significantly, from an estimated 0.5 pounds per kWh in 2007 to approximately 0.05 pounds per kWh by 2025. This reduction is largely due to the closure of the coal-fired Boardman plant in 2020 and PGE’s increased use of wind.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Crunching the Numbers</h3><h4 style="text-align: left;">Grid Powered</h4><p>Taking each year's average utility cost and emissions, and comparing them with our corresponding generation, shows that our half a million miles of solar energy are worth $17,316, and we've avoided 14,605 kg of CO2 emissions by using solar rather than the grid.</p><div>

</div>

<h4 style="text-align: left;">What About a Gas Car?</h4><p>Above, we just examined electricity generation, but this was framed in terms of vehicle miles traveled. For comparison, you could also view this as the cost and pollution associated with driving this distance in a gas car. So let's get some data for gas, then we can compare gas, grid, and solar.</p><p>First, we have to pick a gas-powered car for this comparison. Since we used a 2018 Model 3 for the EV, let's pick a popular 2018 gas-powered sedan. The average fuel economy for gas-powered sedans in 2018 was around 32-35 MPG. The 2018 Honda Accord has a combined MPG of 33MPG, which fits nicely in the average range from that time, and it was a popular model. So, for our comparison, we'll use the 2018 Honda Accord.</p><p>If you were to drive a 33MPG car for 500,000 miles, that would use 15,625 gallons of gasoline. If we spread this out over the same 18 years that we looked at above, that would be nearly 28,000 miles per year. A true road warrior value, but not impossible. Similar to how we didn't just take today's electricity price and use it for all of the EV charging, I'll be equally fair to the petroleum car and look at historic gas prices. And just as we used local electricity prices, we'll use local (Oregon) gas prices.</p><p>In 2007, regular gasoline was $2.27/gallon. The lowest-priced year during our time window was 2009, coming in at $1.86. Looking at the high price, the pandemic pushed the average price to $4.50 in 2022, with peaks over $5 in some areas.</p><p>Plugging in each year's average fuel cost, the half-million-mile drive comes in with a total fuel cost of over $39,000 and more than 134 metric tons of CO2 emissions. </p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 600px; width: 100%;">
<thead>
<tr style="background-color: #f2f2f2;">
<th style="padding: 10px; text-align: left;">Year</th>
<th style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">Avg. Gas Price ($/gallon)</th>
<th style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">Gallons Used</th>
<th style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">Cost ($)</th>
<th style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">CO₂ Emissions (kg)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2007</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.27</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,910.92</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2008</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.66</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,237.99</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2009</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.86</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,566.29</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2010</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.28</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,919.38</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2011</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.95</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,483.24</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2012</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">3.03</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,550.72</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2013</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.85</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,396.99</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2014</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.69</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,265.52</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2015</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.83</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,540.79</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2016</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.49</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,255.26</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2017</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.79</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,509.30</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2018</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2.13</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,792.44</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2019</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.99</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,678.56</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2020</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1.47</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">1,238.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2021</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">3.50</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,946.13</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2022</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">4.50</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">3,787.88</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2023</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">4.00</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">3,367.00</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 10px;">2024</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">3.50</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">841.75</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">2,946.13</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">7,480</td>
</tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;">
<td style="padding: 10px;">Total</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">-</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">15,151.515</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">39,393.29</td>
<td style="padding: 10px; text-align: right;">134,652</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p>To be clear, the CO2 emissions here are only considering the car's tailpipe emissions. To capture the true emissions related to burning gasoline, you need a complete well-to-wheel (drill & spill) analysis that looks at all the pollution created to pump, transport, and refine the crude into gasoline. However, we didn't do a well-to-wheel (or coalmine-to-atmosphere) analysis for the grid, nor did we look at the production and transport footprint for the solar panels. I'm not suggesting that this analysis isn't meaningful, just pointing out this limitation.</p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Gas, Grid, & Solar</h3><p>So now we've looked at all three methods to fuel this 500,000-mile trek. Here's a summary table: </p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 600px; width: 100%;">
<thead style="background-color: #f2f2f2;">
<tr>
<th>Energy Source</th>
<th>Fueling Cost</th>
<th>Emissions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Solar</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">$0*</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0 metric tons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Grid Power</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">$17,316 </td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.6 metric tons</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gas-Powered</td>
<td style="text-align: right;">$39,383 </td>
<td style="text-align: center;">134.7 metric tons</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br />* after the solar is installed and paid off.<div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conclusion</h3>
<div><p>Unsurprisingly, solar is the clear winner; it has zero tailpipe emissions and (once the panels are paid for) zero ongoing costs.</p><p>Second across the finish line is grid power with a cost of $17,316 and 14.6 metric tons of CO2.</p><p>Coming in last is the gas-powered Honda Accord, costing more than twice as much as the grid-powered trip, while spewing out an order of magnitude more CO2.</p></div></div>
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<h2>About Me</h2>
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<a class='profile-name-link g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/17619958501050173190' rel='author' style='background-image: url(//www.blogger.com/img/logo-16.png);'>
Patrick C
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<a class='profile-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/17619958501050173190' rel='author'>View my complete profile</a>
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<h2>Blog Archive</h2>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/'>
2025
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(35)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/'>
September
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
<ul class='posts'>
<li><a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/tesla-reaches-1-million-powerwalls.html'>Tesla Reaches 1 Million Powerwalls: Revolutionizin...</a></li>
<li><a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/tipping-points-of-tomorrow-future-of-ai.html'>Tipping Points of Tomorrow: The Future of AI, Clea...</a></li>
<li><a href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/09/unpacking-teslas-master-plan-part-4.html'>Unpacking Tesla's Master Plan Part 4: A World of S...</a></li>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/08/'>
August
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/07/'>
July
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/06/'>
June
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/05/'>
May
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/04/'>
April
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/03/'>
March
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/02/'>
February
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2025/01/'>
January
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/'>
2024
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/12/'>
December
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/11/'>
November
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/10/'>
October
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/09/'>
September
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/08/'>
August
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/07/'>
July
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/06/'>
June
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May
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/04/'>
April
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/03/'>
March
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/02/'>
February
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2024/01/'>
January
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/'>
2023
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December
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November
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/10/'>
October
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September
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/08/'>
August
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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July
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June
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May
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April
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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March
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/02/'>
February
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2023/01/'>
January
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2022
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December
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November
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/10/'>
October
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/09/'>
September
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/08/'>
August
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/07/'>
July
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/06/'>
June
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/05/'>
May
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/04/'>
April
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/03/'>
March
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/02/'>
February
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2022/01/'>
January
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/'>
2021
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<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(44)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
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<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2021/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/'>
2020
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2020/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2019/'>
2019
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2019/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2019/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2019/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2019/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/'>
2018
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(38)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2018/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/'>
2017
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(63)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2017/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/'>
2016
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(39)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2016/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/'>
2015
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(47)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2015/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/'>
2014
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(105)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2014/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/'>
2013
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(127)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2013/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/'>
2012
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(57)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2012/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(20)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/'>
2011
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(141)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(20)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(20)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2011/01/'>
January
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(42)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/'>
2010
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(141)</span>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/12/'>
December
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(41)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/11/'>
November
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/10/'>
October
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/09/'>
September
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/08/'>
August
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/07/'>
July
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/06/'>
June
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/05/'>
May
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
<a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'>
<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/04/'>
April
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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<span class='zippy'>

► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/03/'>
March
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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► 

</span>
</a>
<a class='post-count-link' href='https://www.carswithcords.net/2010/02/'>
February
</a>
<span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class='hierarchy'>
<li class='archivedate collapsed'>
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