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.nav-item.iconArrowDown[data-v-0098c16e]:before{font-size:0.6em;left:auto;right:0;margin-top:-18px}.nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.25;color:#fffdea;display:block}.nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]:hover,.nav-item.router-link-exact-active[data-v-0098c16e]{text-decoration:underline}.nav-item.active-drop[data-v-0098c16e]{background:#000;text-decoration:underline}.sub-nav[data-v-0098c16e]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#f2edc7;text-align:center}.sub-nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.5em;line-height:2rem;color:#e10000;display:inline-block;padding:1rem 2rem}.sub-nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]:hover,.sub-nav-item.router-link-active[data-v-0098c16e]{text-decoration:underline}.p-link[data-v-0098c16e]{color:#e10000}.p-link[data-v-0098c16e]:hover{color:#870000}.aside[data-v-0098c16e]{z-index:3000;float:right;margin-right:2em;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.aside ul[data-v-0098c16e]{display:inline-block;margin-right:3em}.aside li[data-v-0098c16e]{display:inline-block}.aside .nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:5px;align-items:center;padding:3.5rem 0rem}.nav-dropdown[data-v-0098c16e]{position:absolute;top:9em;left:0;right:0;background:#000}.nav-dropdown.collapsed[data-v-0098c16e]{display:none}.nav-dropdown .inner[data-v-0098c16e]{max-width:129em;margin:0 auto}.drop-box[data-v-0098c16e]{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:25%;box-sizing:border-box;padding:6em 3em}.drop-box .nav-item[data-v-0098c16e]{margin-bottom:2rem}.drop-box p[data-v-0098c16e]{font-family:'FSBrabo', 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li[data-v-0098c16e]{position:relative}.aside ul li .submenu[data-v-0098c16e]{display:none;position:absolute;background-color:white;left:0;min-width:100%;z-index:3000}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu[data-v-0098c16e]{min-width:200px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:3rem;gap:1rem;line-height:3rem;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.aside ul li:hover>.submenu a[data-v-0098c16e]:hover{color:#e10000}}

@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){#app[data-scrolldir="up"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(0)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header .wrap{transform:translateY(-100%)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-13em)}#app[data-scrolldir="down"] .page-header.has-double-subnav .wrap{transform:translateY(-17em)}}

.search-term[data-v-6047d25e]{position:relative;display:inline-block}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]{font-family:'Relative Faux', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1.5;color:#fff;padding:0.5rem 1rem;border:2px solid #fffdea;border-radius:2px;background:transparent}.search-term input[data-v-6047d25e]::placeholder{color:#fffdea;opacity:1}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]{position:absolute;left:initial;right:0;top:50%;margin-top:-2rem;color:#fffdea;background:none;border:0}.search-term .iconSearch[data-v-6047d25e]:before{font-size:2em}

.btn[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;margin-left:1rem;text-align:center;line-height:2.4rem;border:0;background:none;padding:5px;display:inline-block;position:relative}.btn-share[data-v-cef5d6ac]{font-size:1.6rem}.btn-share img[data-v-cef5d6ac]{color:#fffdea}.qty[data-v-cef5d6ac]{background-color:#fffdea;color:#e10000;font-size:1.4rem;padding:0 5px;border-radius:10px;margin-right:5px;position:absolute;top:5px;left:27px;coursor:pointer;line-height:2rem}

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100.0625em){.header__title[data-v-099d687b]{font-size:4.8rem;line-height:7.6rem;max-width:70rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header .lg-break[data-v-099d687b]{position:relative;display:inline-block}}.header__visual[data-v-099d687b]{background-image:url(//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.114/img/visual.67bdd2c3.jpg);background-position:center;background-size:cover;height:18.1rem;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.header__visual[data-v-099d687b]{height:28.4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header__visual[data-v-099d687b]{height:100%;grid-column:3/span 2}}.header .boxes[data-v-099d687b]{display:flex;position:absolute;z-index:2}.header .boxes--desktop[data-v-099d687b]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.header .boxes--desktop[data-v-099d687b]{display:flex;left:0;bottom:0;transform:translateY(50%);padding-left:2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 100.0625em){.header .boxes--desktop[data-v-099d687b]{padding-left:20rem}}.header 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4rem}}.series__cards[data-v-099d687b]{overflow:hidden;position:relative;background-image:url(//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/46.114/img/headerbackground.282cc378.png);background-size:cover;background-position-x:center;padding:3.2rem 2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.series__cards[data-v-099d687b]{grid-column:3/span 2;padding:7.8rem 0 8.2rem 10rem;margin-left:10rem}}.series__cards[data-v-099d687b]::after{position:absolute;z-index:0;content:'';top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#e10000;mix-blend-mode:hard-light}.steps[data-v-099d687b]{display:flex;margin-bottom:3.2rem}.steps__item[data-v-099d687b]{width:10.5rem;position:relative;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.steps__item[data-v-099d687b]{width:18.1rem;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.8rem;letter-spacing:1.5px}}.steps__item[data-v-099d687b]:not(:last-child)::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:42%;top:24%;width:6.7rem;height:1px;background-color:#FFFDEA}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.steps__item[data-v-099d687b]:not(:last-child)::after{width:11.2rem;left:33%;top:21%}}.steps__item+.steps__item[data-v-099d687b]{margin-left:2rem}.steps .order[data-v-099d687b]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6rem;color:#e10000;width:3.2rem;height:3.2rem;border-radius:50%;background-color:#FFFDEA;margin-bottom:1.6rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.steps .order[data-v-099d687b]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:3.6rem}}.benifits[data-v-099d687b]{display:grid;max-width:124rem;margin:8.3rem auto 0}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.benifits[data-v-099d687b]{grid-template-columns:1fr 5.1rem 28.8rem 28.8rem 28.8rem 1fr;grid-template-rows:repeat(2, 1fr);grid-row-gap:1.6rem;row-gap:1.6rem;grid-column-gap:1.6rem;column-gap:1.6rem;margin-top:17.5rem}}.benifits__copy[data-v-099d687b]{padding:0 2rem;max-width:31.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.benifits__copy[data-v-099d687b]{max-width:42.3rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.benifits__copy[data-v-099d687b]{padding:0;max-width:33.6rem;grid-column:2/span 2}}.benifits__copy h2[data-v-099d687b]{margin-bottom:1.6rem}.benifits__copy p[data-v-099d687b]{font-family:'Relative Book';font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem;margin-bottom:1.6rem}.benifits__copy button[data-v-099d687b]{display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;color:#FFFDEA;background-color:#e10000;border:0;border-radius:4px;padding:1rem 1.8rem}.benifits__copy button[data-v-099d687b]:hover{background-color:#870000}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.benifits__copy button[data-v-099d687b]{font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem;width:25.1rem;padding:2rem 4rem}}.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b]{padding:3.2rem 2rem 2.4rem;overflow:hidden}.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b] .benifit-card{height:28.8rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b]{padding-bottom:0}.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b] .benifit-card{width:28.8rem;height:35rem;padding:3.2rem 4.95rem 4rem}.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b] .benifit-card h3{font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem}.benifits__slider[data-v-099d687b] .benifit-card p{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:2.4rem}}.benifits .top-left[data-v-099d687b]{grid-row:1;grid-column:4/4}.benifits .top-right[data-v-099d687b]{grid-row:1;grid-column:5/5}.benifits .bottom-left[data-v-099d687b]{grid-row:2;grid-column:3/3}.benifits .bottom-right[data-v-099d687b]{grid-row:2;grid-column:4/4}.news[data-v-099d687b]{max-width:124rem;padding:8rem 2rem;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.news[data-v-099d687b]{padding-top:12.8rem;padding-bottom:12.8rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.news[data-v-099d687b]{padding-top:17.6rem;padding-bottom:17.6rem}}.section-title[data-v-099d687b]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem;margin-bottom:4.8rem}.section-title--light[data-v-099d687b]{color:#FFFDEA}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title[data-v-099d687b]{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:4.4rem}}.steps-img[data-v-099d687b]{display:block;width:100%;max-width:31.6rem;margin-bottom:3.2rem}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.steps-img[data-v-099d687b]{max-width:50.5rem}}.pagination-benifits[data-v-099d687b]{position:relative;z-index:3;transform:translateY(2rem)}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.pagination-benifits[data-v-099d687b]{display:none}}

.parallax-debug[data-v-34d23502]{position:absolute;color:green;font-size:2em;background:white;z-index:3000;top:5rem}.debug-min-tablet[data-v-34d23502]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.debug-min-tablet[data-v-34d23502]{display:block}}.debug-desktop-small[data-v-34d23502]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 78.6875em){.debug-desktop-small[data-v-34d23502]{display:block}}.debug-desktop-large[data-v-34d23502]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em) and (max-width: 119.9375em){.debug-desktop-large[data-v-34d23502]{display:block}}.debug-desktop-extralarge[data-v-34d23502]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 120em){.debug-desktop-extralarge[data-v-34d23502]{display:block}}.featured[data-v-34d23502]{position:relative;overflow:hidden;max-width:100%;height:210rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media screen and (min-width: 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1}}.author-8[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-row:2;grid-column:3/span 1}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-8[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-column:5/span 1}}.author-9[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-row:2;grid-column:4/span 1}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-9[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-column:6/span 1}}.author-10[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-row:3;grid-column:1/span 1}.author-11[data-v-d0178d60]{display:none;grid-row:3;grid-column:1/span 1}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.author-11[data-v-d0178d60]{display:block;grid-column:2/span 1}}.author-12[data-v-d0178d60]{display:none;grid-row:3;grid-column:1/span 1}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-12[data-v-d0178d60]{display:block;grid-column:3/span 1}}.author-13[data-v-d0178d60]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-13[data-v-d0178d60]{display:block;grid-row:2;grid-column:7/span 1}}.author-14[data-v-d0178d60]{display:none}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-14[data-v-d0178d60]{display:block;grid-row:3;grid-column:4/span 1}}.author-15[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-row:3;grid-column:2/span 1}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.author-15[data-v-d0178d60]{grid-row:2;grid-column:1/span 1}}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.author-15[data-v-d0178d60]{display:block;grid-row:3;grid-column:5/span 1}}

.author[data-v-3060a8ff]{position:relative;transition:transform cubic-bezier(0.075, 0.82, 0.165, 1) 1s}.author[data-v-3060a8ff]:hover{transform:scale(1.05)}.author__img[data-v-3060a8ff]{display:block;object-fit:cover;height:100%;width:100%}.author__label[data-v-3060a8ff]{box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;bottom:0;right:-0.4rem;transform:translateY(50%);width:6.2rem;height:1.8rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:0.6rem;line-height:0.6rem;font-variant:small-caps;background-color:#ffffff;box-shadow:0px 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.author__label[data-v-3060a8ff]{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.6rem;width:15.6rem;height:4.7rem;right:-2rem}}.author__label>*+*[data-v-3060a8ff]{margin-left:0.6rem}.author__label img[data-v-3060a8ff]{height:1rem;width:1rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.author__label img[data-v-3060a8ff]{height:2.7rem;width:2.7rem}}

.subjects[data-v-49fde616]{max-width:120rem;margin:0 auto;padding:0 2rem;margin-top:6.9rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.subjects[data-v-49fde616]{margin-top:14.4rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.subjects[data-v-49fde616]{margin-top:17.5rem}}.section-title[data-v-49fde616]{font-family:'FSBrabo', serif;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem;margin-bottom:4.8rem}.section-title--light[data-v-49fde616]{color:#FFFDEA}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.section-title[data-v-49fde616]{font-size:3.6rem;line-height:4.4rem}}.navigation[data-v-49fde616]{transform:translateY(2.4rem)}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.navigation[data-v-49fde616]{display:none}}

.swiper-body[data-v-32859338]{position:relative}.pages[data-v-32859338]{display:flex;margin-right:2.4rem}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#FBB2B2;width:1.0rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#E10000}.pages[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}.pages-light[data-v-32859338]{display:flex;margin-right:2.4rem}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet{background-color:#F08080;width:1.0rem;height:0.6rem;border-radius:0;opacity:1}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet-active{background-color:#FFFDEA}.pages-light[data-v-32859338] .swiper-pagination-bullet+.swiper-pagination-bullet{margin-left:0.8rem}

.subject-card[data-v-af5163b0]{display:block;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:#ffffff;width:28.8rem;height:100%;box-shadow:0px 24px 88px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);padding-left:0.8rem}.subject-card[data-v-af5163b0]::before{content:'';position:absolute;height:100%;width:0.8rem;left:0;background-color:#e10000}.subject-card__inner[data-v-af5163b0]{padding:2.4rem 0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.subject-card__inner .empty[data-v-af5163b0]{height:8rem}.subject-card__header[data-v-af5163b0]{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;height:7.2rem;width:15.5rem;padding-bottom:1.6rem;border-bottom:1px solid #CCC7A8}.subject-card__header>img[data-v-af5163b0]{position:absolute;left:-5.5rem;top:1.5rem}.subject-card__title[data-v-af5163b0]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.8rem;line-height:2.4rem}.subject-card__stats[data-v-af5163b0]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:2.4rem;line-height:3.2rem;width:15.2rem;margin-top:2rem;padding-bottom:1.6rem}.subject-card__stats--underlined[data-v-af5163b0]{border-bottom:1px solid #CCC7A8}.subject-card__stats span[data-v-af5163b0]{display:block;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:0.8rem}

.journals[data-v-58a57bdc]{position:relative;display:flex;width:100%;margin-top:10rem;justify-content:flex-end;align-content:center;align-items:center}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.journals[data-v-58a57bdc]{flex-direction:column}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 78.6875em){.journals[data-v-58a57bdc]{margin-top:32rem;margin-bottom:35rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.journals[data-v-58a57bdc]{margin-top:5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 120.125em){.journals[data-v-58a57bdc]{justify-content:space-evenly}}.journals-bg[data-v-58a57bdc]{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;object-fit:cover}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 78.6875em){.journals-bg[data-v-58a57bdc]{height:1000px}}.journals-bg--small[data-v-58a57bdc]{width:100%;height:360px;object-fit:cover}.journals-bg--second[data-v-58a57bdc]{width:100%;height:50%;position:absolute;object-fit:cover;bottom:-40px}.journals-logo[data-v-58a57bdc]{position:absolute;left:calc((100% - 1350px) / 2);transform:translateX(50%);width:360px;height:40px;object-fit:scale-down}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 78.6875em){.journals-logo[data-v-58a57bdc]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:-200px;transform:translate(-50%, 100px)}}@media screen and (min-width: 78.75em){.journals-logo[data-v-58a57bdc]{left:14%;transform:translateX(-50%)}}@media screen and (min-width: 120.125em){.journals-logo[data-v-58a57bdc]{position:relative;width:380px}}.journals-logo--small[data-v-58a57bdc]{position:absolute;left:50%;top:100px;transform:translate(-50%, 50px);width:340px;height:40px}@media screen and (max-width: 30em){.journals-logo--small[data-v-58a57bdc]{width:275px;height:29px}}

.banner[data-v-76977df2]{box-sizing:border-box;width:72%;max-width:1350px;background-color:#fffdea;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-top:3.5rem;padding-bottom:3.5rem;z-index:5;margin-top:90px;margin-bottom:90px}@media screen and (max-width: 78.6875em){.banner[data-v-76977df2]{width:100%;padding-bottom:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 78.6875em){.banner[data-v-76977df2]{margin-bottom:-180px}}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.banner[data-v-76977df2]{margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:30px}}@media screen and (max-width: 30em){.banner[data-v-76977df2]{margin-top:0}}.banner-text[data-v-76977df2]{font-family:'FSBrabo';font-size:19px;font-weight:400;line-height:23px;max-width:850px}@media screen and (max-width: 62.5em){.banner-text[data-v-76977df2]{width:90%;margin:0 auto}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.banner-text[data-v-76977df2]{padding-left:5rem;padding-right:5rem}}

.cards[data-v-b4ba15be]{padding:2rem 0 2rem 5rem;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:25px;justify-content:flex-start;width:80%}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em) and (max-width: 119.9375em){.cards[data-v-b4ba15be]{gap:5px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em) and (max-width: 62.5em){.cards[data-v-b4ba15be]{padding-left:8rem}}@media screen and (max-width: 30em){.cards[data-v-b4ba15be]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;margin:0 auto;gap:16px}}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){span[data-v-b4ba15be]::before{content:"\A";white-space:pre}}

.box[data-v-0ac54c23]{display:flex;align-items:center;margin-top:1.5rem}.icon-box[data-v-0ac54c23]{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;align-content:flex-start;width:45px;height:45px;border:1px solid black;padding-left:0}.icon[data-v-0ac54c23]{padding-left:0;width:20px;fill:black;color:black}.icon-large[data-v-0ac54c23]{width:45px}.icon-text[data-v-0ac54c23]{font-family:'Relative Book';font-weight:700;font-size:11.5px;line-height:16.5px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.9px;padding:0 1rem}.invert[data-v-0ac54c23]{filter:invert(1)}.no-border[data-v-0ac54c23]{border:none}

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.in-good-company[data-v-327abc8b]{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:124rem;margin:0 auto;padding:3.9rem 2rem 4.8rem;border-top:1px solid #b3af93}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.in-good-company[data-v-327abc8b]{padding:5.6rem 2rem 3.2rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.in-good-company[data-v-327abc8b]{padding:8rem 2rem 6rem}}.in-good-company h2[data-v-327abc8b]{font-family:'Relative Bold', sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:auto;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2rem;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:3.2rem}.in-good-company .databases[data-v-327abc8b]{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:1rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.in-good-company .databases[data-v-327abc8b]{gap:0}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.in-good-company .databases[data-v-327abc8b]{width:1260px;gap:3rem}}.in-good-company .databases .img-container[data-v-327abc8b]{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:1rem}.in-good-company .databases .img[data-v-327abc8b]{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.in-good-company .databases .img--oaspa[data-v-327abc8b]{width:10rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--stm[data-v-327abc8b]{width:14rem;height:2.8rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--alpsp[data-v-327abc8b]{width:13rem;height:3rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--uksg[data-v-327abc8b]{height:5rem;width:5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--cope[data-v-327abc8b]{width:6.5rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--orcid[data-v-327abc8b]{width:13rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--sdg[data-v-327abc8b]{height:5rem;width:5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--dimensions[data-v-327abc8b]{width:12rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--crossref[data-v-327abc8b]{width:11rem;height:6rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--ku[data-v-327abc8b]{width:11rem;height:3rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--doi[data-v-327abc8b]{height:5rem;width:5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--doab[data-v-327abc8b]{width:12rem;height:4rem}@media screen and (min-width: 48em){.in-good-company .databases .img--oaspa[data-v-327abc8b]{width:6.8rem;height:2.4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--stm[data-v-327abc8b]{width:12.5rem;height:2.5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--cope[data-v-327abc8b]{width:6.5rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--orcid[data-v-327abc8b]{width:9.5rem;height:2.5rem}}@media screen and (min-width: 62.5625em){.in-good-company .databases .img--oaspa[data-v-327abc8b]{width:11rem;height:3.8rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--stm[data-v-327abc8b]{width:19rem;height:4.25rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--alpsp[data-v-327abc8b]{width:15.5rem;height:4rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--cope[data-v-327abc8b]{width:10rem;height:7rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--orcid[data-v-327abc8b]{width:15.5rem;height:4.5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--sdg[data-v-327abc8b]{height:8rem;width:8rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--dimensions[data-v-327abc8b]{width:17rem;height:5.6rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--crossref[data-v-327abc8b]{width:17rem;height:9rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--ku[data-v-327abc8b]{width:17rem;height:4.5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--doi[data-v-327abc8b]{height:8.5rem;width:8.5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--uksg[data-v-327abc8b]{height:8.5rem;width:8.5rem}.in-good-company .databases .img--doab[data-v-327abc8b]{width:17rem;height:5.6rem}}

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<img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/arrow_right.svg" alt="" data-v-099d687b></a></div></div></section> <section class="featured" data-v-34d23502 data-v-099d687b><h2 class="featured__title" data-v-34d23502>World's first Open Access book publisher</h2> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--openAccessBooks" data-v-34d23502><p class="stats-circle__text" data-v-34d23502>
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<span data-v-34d23502>Open Access Books</span></p></div> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--scientificWorks" data-v-34d23502><p class="stats-circle__text" data-v-34d23502>
86,019
<span data-v-34d23502>Scientific Works</span></p></div> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--emptyCircle" data-v-34d23502></div> <div class="stats-circle stats-circle--emptyCircle2" data-v-34d23502></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer parallax" data-v-34d23502>    <div class="ParallaxElement book book-0" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/1591" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554-726901/web-cover.jpg" alt="Infrared Spectroscopy" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>1106 web of science citations</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-1" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/3789" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609-378087935/web-cover.jpg" alt="Affective Computing" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e><img src="https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png" class="nobel-icon" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>chapter by nobel laureate geoffrey e. hinton</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-2" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/5787" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601-1097852179/web-cover.jpg" alt="Cutting Edge Robotics" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>1st open access book published in 2005</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-3" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/8427" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977-1087328360/web-cover.jpg" alt="Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>women in science book program</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-4" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/10445" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/10445/1718280072-399735011/web-cover.jpg" alt="Preparation of Space Experiments" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>international academy of astronautics 2022 life science book award</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-5" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/10674" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/10674/1718280379-110458738/web-cover.jpg" alt="Topics on Quantum Information Science" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e><img src="https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png" class="nobel-icon" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>chapter by nobel laureate gerard’t hooft</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-6" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/1003912" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353931-2131354844/web-cover.jpg" alt="Climate Policies" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure> <div class="book__label" data-v-07ea003e><img src="https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png" class="nobel-icon" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>co-edited by senior members of the nobel-winning ipcc</span></div> </div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement book book-7" data-v-34d23502> <div class="book" data-v-07ea003e data-v-34d23502><figure class="cover-wrap z-index middle" data-v-062366c8 data-v-07ea003e><a href="/books/1003597" data-v-062366c8><span class="lazy-image ar1" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-062366c8><img src="https://cdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026978-111936806/web-cover.jpg" alt="Towards the Eradication of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> Infection" class="image" data-v-5a3804d0 data-v-5a3804d0></span></a></figure>  <div class="two-tags" data-v-07ea003e><div class="special-book" data-v-07ea003e>7,000th open access book</div> <div class="nobel" data-v-07ea003e><img src="https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png" class="nobel-icon" data-v-07ea003e> <span data-v-07ea003e>co-edited by nobel laureate barry j. marshall</span></div></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement series series-0" data-v-34d23502> <div class="series" data-v-04a7dc52 data-v-34d23502><div class="series__cover" style="background-image:url('https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg');" data-v-04a7dc52></div> <a href="/series/6" class="series__content" data-v-04a7dc52><h2 data-v-04a7dc52>IntechOpen Book Series</h2> <p class="series__title" data-v-04a7dc52>Infectious Diseases</p> <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 4 </span> <span data-v-04a7dc52>Topics</span></p>  <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 353 </span>
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</p></a></div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement series series-1" data-v-34d23502> <div class="series" data-v-04a7dc52 data-v-34d23502><div class="series__cover" style="background-image:url('https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg');" data-v-04a7dc52></div> <a href="/series/7" class="series__content" data-v-04a7dc52><h2 data-v-04a7dc52>IntechOpen Book Series</h2> <p class="series__title" data-v-04a7dc52>Biomedical Engineering</p> <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 3 </span> <span data-v-04a7dc52>Topics</span></p>  <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 240 </span>
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</p> <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 65 </span>
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Chapters Published
</p> <p class="series__stat" data-v-04a7dc52><span data-v-04a7dc52> 35 </span>
Books Published
</p></a></div></div> <div class="ParallaxElement chapter chapter-0" data-v-34d23502> <div class="chapter" data-v-3fa522fc data-v-34d23502><div class="chapter__cover" style="background-image:url('https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg');" data-v-3fa522fc></div> <div class="chapter__content" data-v-3fa522fc><h5 class="chapter__title" data-v-3fa522fc><a href="/chapters/37067" data-v-3fa522fc>
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres
</a></h5> <p class="chapter__authors" data-v-3fa522fc>By Mizi Fan</p></div> <div class="chapter__label" data-v-3fa522fc><span data-v-3fa522fc>576 dimensions citations</span></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="series" data-v-099d687b><div class="series__copy" data-v-099d687b><h2 data-v-099d687b>IntechOpen Book Series</h2> <p data-v-099d687b>Open, fast, peer-reviewed</p> <p data-v-099d687b>3 STEP PROCESS</p> <img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/StepsDesktop-lightNew.svg" alt="Publishing steps" class="steps-img" data-v-099d687b> <a href="/series" data-v-099d687b><button data-v-099d687b>Publish with Us</button></a></div> <div class="cards series__cards" data-v-099d687b><div class="cards__left"><div class="card card--light"><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/fast_clock.svg" alt class="card__image"> <p class="card__title">3 Months <span>to Publication</span></p></div> <div class="card card--light"><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/open_submission_new.svg" alt class="card__image card__image--open-submission"> <p class="card__title">Always Open for Submissions</p></div></div> <div class="cards__right"><div class="card card--light"><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/series.svg" alt class="card__image"> <p class="card__title">26 Book Series <span>Covering Diverse Scientific Fields</span></p></div> <div class="card card--light"><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/barcode.svg" alt class="card__image"> <p class="card__title">ISSN + ISBN</p></div></div></div></section> <section class="authors" data-v-d0178d60 data-v-099d687b><div class="authors__copy" data-v-d0178d60><h2 class="section-title" data-v-d0178d60>Our Community at the Forefront of Scientific Discovery</h2> <p data-v-d0178d60>Our authors span the globe, including emerging researchers at science’s cutting edge and esteemed Nobel Laureates. </p> <p data-v-d0178d60>Contribute to this shared scientific journey and join us shaping the future.</p> <a href="/institutions" data-v-d0178d60><button data-v-d0178d60>View All Authors and Academic Editors</button></a></div> <div class="authors__profiles" data-v-d0178d60><div class="author authors__placeholder author-1" data-v-3060a8ff data-v-d0178d60><a href="/profiles/63994" data-v-3060a8ff><img src="https://cdnintech.com/media/author/63994/1756678812/profile/image1.jpg" alt="Jamie Davies" class="author__img" data-v-3060a8ff></a> <div class="author__label" data-v-3060a8ff><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/home/wos.svg" alt data-v-3060a8ff> <span data-v-3060a8ff>Highly Cited</span></div></div> <div class="author authors__placeholder author-2" data-v-3060a8ff data-v-d0178d60><a href="/profiles/462000" data-v-3060a8ff><img src="https://cdnintech.com/media/author/462000/1693380696/profile/image1.jpg" alt="Zongjie Wang" class="author__img" data-v-3060a8ff></a> </div> <div class="author authors__placeholder author-3" data-v-3060a8ff data-v-d0178d60><a href="/profiles/352341" data-v-3060a8ff><img src="https://cdnintech.com/media/author/352341/1721976913/profile/image1.jpg" alt="Oliver K. 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Marshall" class="author__img" data-v-3060a8ff></a> <div class="author__label" data-v-3060a8ff><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/home/nobel.png" alt data-v-3060a8ff> <span data-v-3060a8ff>Nobel Laureate</span></div></div> <div class="reader-box" data-v-d0178d60><p data-v-d0178d60>+198,000<span data-v-d0178d60>IntechOpen Authors <br data-v-d0178d60> and Academic Editors</span></p></div></div> <div class="stats-circle" data-v-d0178d60></div></section> <section class="subjects" data-v-49fde616 data-v-099d687b><h2 class="section-title" data-v-49fde616>Our Publications and Subjects</h2> <div class="swiper-body swiper swiper-no-swiping" data-v-32859338 data-v-49fde616><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-49fde616><div class="subject-card subject-card-1" data-v-af5163b0 data-v-49fde616><div class="subject-card__inner" data-v-af5163b0><div class="subject-card__header" data-v-af5163b0><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/subjects/1.svg" data-v-af5163b0> <h3 class="subject-card__title" data-v-af5163b0>Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology</h3></div> <a href="/subjects/1" class="subject-card__stats subject-card__stats--underlined" data-v-af5163b0>
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516 <span data-v-af5163b0>open access books</span></a> <p class="subject-card__stats subject-card__stats--underlined" data-v-af5163b0>
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4 <span data-v-af5163b0>book series</span></a> <p class="subject-card__stats empty" data-v-af5163b0><span data-v-af5163b0> </span></p></div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="navigation" data-v-32859338 data-v-49fde616><div id="subject-pagination" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-49fde616></div></div></div></section> <section id="journals" data-v-58a57bdc data-v-099d687b><div class="journals" data-v-58a57bdc><video autoplay="autoplay" playsinline loop="loop" muted="muted" src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/journals/intro.mp4" class="journals-bg" data-v-58a57bdc></video> <a href="/journals" data-v-58a57bdc><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/journals/journals.svg" class="journals-logo" data-v-58a57bdc></a> <div class="banner" data-v-76977df2 data-v-58a57bdc><p class="banner-text" data-v-76977df2>IntechOpen <i>Journals</i> are a new publishing venue for academics in areas of rapid interdisciplinary growth at the cutting edge of technology, environmental sciences and human health.</p> <div class="cards" data-v-b4ba15be data-v-76977df2><div class="box" data-v-0ac54c23 data-v-b4ba15be><div class="icon-box" data-v-0ac54c23><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg" alt="open-access-&-open-science" class="icon" data-v-0ac54c23></div> <p class="icon-text" data-v-0ac54c23>
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We provide a unique personal approach, day-to-day support, and all the tools you need to make your work accessible worldwide.</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card top-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/peer_review.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>Peer-review</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>Our robust peer review ensures your work is suitable for publication and valuable to the scientific community.</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-left benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/online_first_2.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>Online First</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>On acceptance of your work, our early online publication provides access to the scientific community without delay.</p></div></div> <div class="benifit-card bottom-right benifit-card--outlined" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b><div class="benifit-card__header" data-v-9adedfe4><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/open_access.svg" alt="" data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b> <h3 data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>Open Access</h3></div> <div class="benifit-card__body" data-v-9adedfe4><p data-v-9adedfe4 data-v-099d687b>Your work will be permanently available online, free to download, share and read.</p></div></div> </section> <section class="institutions" data-v-a86bc1e2 data-v-099d687b><div class="institutions__container" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="info" data-v-a86bc1e2><h2 class="section-title section-title--light" data-v-a86bc1e2>11,679 Research Institutions Support Open Access at IntechOpen</h2> <a href="/institutions" class="link" data-v-a86bc1e2><button data-v-a86bc1e2>View All Institutions</button></a></div> <div class="institutions__parallax" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="ParallaxElement" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/1544" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/CityUniversityofHongKong.svg" alt="City University Of Hong Kong" class="img--hongkong" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/1528" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/IowaUniversity.png" alt="Iowa State University" class="img--consortium" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/596" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/FudanUniversity.png" alt="Fudan University" class="img--fudan" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/935" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/kingsCollege.svg" alt="Kings College" class="img--kings" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/815" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/PekingUniversity.png" alt="Peking University" class="img--peking" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="ParallaxElement" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/1480" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/seoul.svg" alt="Seoul" class="img--seoul" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/916" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/TsinghuaUniversity.png" alt="Tsinghua University" class="img--tsinghua" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/3266" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UMassAmherst.png" alt="UMass Amherst" class="img--umass" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/453" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UniversidaddeBuenosAires.jpeg" alt="Universidadde Buenos Aires" class="img--buenosaires" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/1425" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UniversidadReyJuanCarlosdeMadrid.png" alt="Universidad Rey Juan Carlosde" class="img--madrid" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div></div></div> <div class="ParallaxContainer" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="ParallaxElement" data-v-a86bc1e2><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/301" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UniversitatdeBarcelona.png" alt="Universitatde Barcelona" class="img--barcelona" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/874" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UniversitedeStrasbourg.png" alt="Universitéde Strasbourg" class="img--strasbourg" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/3252" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/UniversityofKansas.png" alt="University of Kansas" class="img--kansas" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institutions" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/LogoCSIC.png" alt="CSIC" class="img--csic" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div><div class="institutions__placeholder" data-v-a86bc1e2><a href="/institution/252" data-v-a86bc1e2><img src="//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/universities/universityofsurreylogo.png" alt="University of Surrey" class="img--surrey" data-v-a86bc1e2></a></div></div></div></div></div></section> <section class="news" data-v-099d687b><div class="news-slider" style="transform:translate3d(20%, 0, 0);" data-v-643f4fdc data-v-099d687b><div class="swiper-body" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-wrapper" data-v-32859338><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/554" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>23 April 2025</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Marked 7,500th OA Book Release with 'Climate Policies,' Co-edited by Members of Nobel Peace Prize-Winning IPCC Team</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>Co-edited by Gary Yohe and Joel Smith, senior members of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), this timely volume offers a comprehensive evaluation of contemporary climate policy strategies.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-marked-7-500th-oa-book-release-with-climate-policies-co-edited-by-members-of-nobel-peace-prize-winning-ipcc-team-20250423" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/530" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>25 March 2025</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>As part of our ongoing commitment to expanding the reach and visibility of open access research, we are excited to announce a new partnership with ResearchGate, the leading professional network for researchers. This collaboration will increase the reach and brand visibility of our journals through ResearchGate’s Journal Home platform.</p></div> <a href="/news/researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/410" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>08 July 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are pleased to present a series of inspirational interviews for young researchers with some of today's leading scientists, ranging from a Nobel laureate to pioneers and innovators in various fields, including pharmacogenomics, pharmaceutical leadership, and academia.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-leading-minds-20240708" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/405" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>07 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen is now an official member of the UKSG, the UK's largest scholarly communications community. Founded almost half a century ago, it connects the knowledge community and encourages the exchange of ideas in scholarly communication.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/406" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>22 May 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen has achieved a significant milestone in its mission to democratise scientific knowledge by announcing the publication of its 7,000th open access book, 'Towards the Eradication of<em> Helicobacter pylori</em> Infection - Rapid Diagnosis and Precision Treatment.' Guided by the expertise of Dr Liang Wang, Dr Alfred Chin Yen Tay, and 2005 Nobel Prize Laureate Prof. Barry J. Marshall, this book offers insightful research and novel approaches, contributing to the continuous discourse on <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>-related research.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/402" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>11 March 2024</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>IntechOpen signs an institutional agreement with Iowa State University of Science and Technology to support open access and cover open access publishing fees for their faculty.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-university-20240311" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/386" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>26 June 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Connecting with the Robotics Community and Celebrating Open Science: The IntechOpen Journals Highlights from ICRA 2023</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>The IntechOpen Journals team reflects on a collaborative and informative visit to the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)  in London.</p></div> <a href="/news/connecting-with-the-robotics-community-and-celebrating-open-science-the-intechopen-journals-highlights-from-icra-2023-20230626" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/325" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>28 March 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled that the International Academy of Astronautics has chosen IntechOpen's book "Preparation of Space Experiments", edited by Dr. Vladimir Pletser, to receive the IAA Life Science Book Award. The award is given annually to recognize excellence in publication by an Academy member or corresponding member in the field of life sciences.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-life-science-book-award-20230328" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/357" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>17 February 2023</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>In their analysis of the latest data from the Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB), Delta Think, a strategic consulting and advisory firm, confirmed that IntechOpen remains the largest publisher across all years, with a share of 9.6%.</p></div> <a href="/news/intechopen-retains-its-dominant-position-in-growing-oa-market-20230217" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><div class="news-slider__item" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><img src="/media/original/132" class="news-slider__img" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc> <div class="news-slider__content" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><span class="news-slider__timestamp" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>15 September 2021</span> <h5 class="news-slider__title" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc>Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books</h5> <div class="news-slider__summary" data-v-350a9a21 data-v-643f4fdc><p>We are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format for OA books: IntechOpen Book Series. Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Series feature a Topic structure, <strong>always open for submissions</strong>, covering the most relevant sub-disciplines.</p></div> <a href="/news/introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915" class="read-more" data-v-643f4fdc>Read more</a></div></div></div> </div></div> <div class="news-slider__pagination" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><div id="pagination-news" class="pages" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></div> <div class="controlls" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc><button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/ic-arrow-left-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button> <button class="nav-btn" style="background-image:url('//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/46.114/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg');" data-v-32859338 data-v-643f4fdc></button></div></div></div></div></section> <section 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They bring with them vast experience in publishing and relationship building and will be focused on expanding the IntechOpen vision to inspire greater opportunity for collaboration, speed of discovery and scientific progress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth switched from Wiley’s editorial offices in the UK and Germany respectively to join forces with IntechOpen´s rapidly growing editorial team in the UK and Continental Europe. 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The new editorial directors will build on IntechOpen´s program and enhance it through their existing networks and by developing new and sustainable long-term relationships in the global technology community and beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen recently has also opened an office in Berlin, Germany, where a team of three work on expanding the high quality publishing program with a focus on partnerships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\\n\u003Cp\u003EDr. Anke Beck, CEO for IntechOpen says: “This is an exciting time for IntechOpen. Scientific progress is fuelled by collaboration and with highly experienced publishers like Peter and Richard on board, as well as our colleagues in Berlin, we are making great strides in our publishing program as well as partnering with OA funders and institutes to support Open Access.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\\n\"}]","published":true,"mainMedia":null},"components":[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\u003Cp\u003EIntechOpen welcomes new STEM Program Directors Peter Mitchell and Dr. Richard Murray. Peter Mitchell is Editorial Director and Head of STEM Program for the UK & Scandinavia and Dr. Richard Murray is the Head of STM Program for the Iberian Peninsula. They bring with them vast experience in publishing and relationship building and will be focused on expanding the IntechOpen vision to inspire greater opportunity for collaboration, speed of discovery and scientific progress.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth switched from Wiley’s editorial offices in the UK and Germany respectively to join forces with IntechOpen´s rapidly growing editorial team in the UK and Continental Europe. 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Scientific progress is fuelled by collaboration and with highly experienced publishers like Peter and Richard on board, as well as our colleagues in Berlin, we are making great strides in our publishing program as well as partnering with OA funders and institutes to support Open Access.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"}],"latestNews":[{"slug":"acrt-rising-star-2025-supporting-the-next-generation-of-open-science-researchers-20250730","title":"ACRT Rising Star 2025: Supporting the Next Generation of Open Science Researchers"},{"slug":"intechopen-titles-included-in-ku-select-2025-now-available-20250702","title":"IntechOpen Titles Included in KU Select 2025 Now Available"},{"slug":"conversations-with-science-s-leading-minds-new-interviews-coming-soon-20250610","title":"Conversations with Science’s Leading Minds: New Interviews Coming Soon"},{"slug":"intechopen-marked-7-500th-oa-book-release-with-climate-policies-co-edited-by-members-of-nobel-peace-prize-winning-ipcc-team-20250423","title":"IntechOpen Marked 7,500th OA Book Release with 'Climate Policies,' Co-edited by Members of Nobel Peace Prize-Winning IPCC Team"},{"slug":"marking-mother-earth-day-2025-research-insights-from-the-green-energy-and-environmental-technology-journal-20250422","title":"Marking Mother Earth Day 2025: Research Insights from the Green Energy and Environmental Technology Journal"},{"slug":"researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325","title":"ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership"},{"slug":"new-intechopen-book-series-annual-volumes-published-in-2024-20250120","title":"New IntechOpen Book Series Annual Volumes Published in 2024"},{"slug":"third-environmental-social-and-governance-esg-report-published-20241230","title":"Third Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report Published"}]},"book":{"item":{"type":"book","id":"1003532","leadTitle":null,"fullTitle":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles - Fundamentals and Applications","title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","subtitle":"Fundamentals and Applications","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","abstract":"This book explores the remarkable potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures, one of the most versatile materials in nanotechnology, notable for their wide bandgap, high exciton binding energy, and adaptable surface chemistry. It provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in ZnO research, focusing on their synthesis, properties, and diverse applications across key scientific and industrial fields. Readers will discover how ZnO nanostructures are revolutionizing environmental science with sustainable pollution control solutions, advancing biomedicine through innovative drug delivery systems and diagnostics, and enhancing agriculture by improving crop yield and quality. The book also delves into the precision engineering of ZnO for cutting-edge sensors and electronic devices while exploring bioinspired approaches to designing nanomaterials with tailored functionalities. With its multidisciplinary scope, this volume serves as an essential resource for researchers, academics, and professionals, offering valuable insights into the transformative role of ZnO nanoparticles in addressing today’s scientific and technological challenges.","isbn":"978-0-85466-601-0","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-602-7","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-603-4","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1001750","price":119,"priceEur":135,"priceUsd":150,"priceCbs":null,"slug":null,"numberOfPages":224,"isOpenForSubmission":false,"isInWos":null,"isInBkci":false,"hash":"f53de756e92a5eef2abb98a3b123b029","bookSignature":"Ana Rovisco and Ana Pimentel","publishedDate":"January 22nd 2025","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y000010JzAHQA0\u002F0015436_TrikoderCover%20%282023-04-28%2008%3A13%3A03%29.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003532\u002F1736936120-1853046534\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003532\u002F1736936120-1853046534\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","numberOfDownloads":734,"numberOfViews":null,"numberOfWosCitations":null,"numberOfCrossrefCitations":2,"numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook":0,"numberOfDimensionsCitations":4,"numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook":null,"hasAltmetrics":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"numberOfTotalCitations":6,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"dateEndFirstStepPublish":"January 17th 2024","dateEndSecondStepPublish":"March 13th 2024","dateEndThirdStepPublish":"April 17th 2024","dateEndFourthStepPublish":"July 6th 2024","dateEndFifthStepPublish":"September 4th 2024","currentStepOfPublishingProcess":5,"indexedIn":"1,2,3,4,5,6,7","editedByType":null,"kuFlag":false,"sdgRelated":false,"featuredMarkup":null,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"cbsWebsiteURL":null,"noAds":0,"editors":[{"id":"323604","title":"Dr.","name":"Ana","middleName":null,"surname":"Rovisco","slug":"ana-rovisco","fullName":"Ana Rovisco","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F323604\u002F1734960665\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ana Rovisco is an Assistant Researcher at CENIMAT|i3N and CEMOP\u002FUNINOVA, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT-NOVA), Portugal. She holds a PhD in Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences and an MSc in Physics Engineering from FCT-NOVA. Her expertise lies in electron microscopy, nanofabrication, and solution-based oxide nanostructures for multifunctional applications such as sensors, energy harvesters, and photocatalysis. She has authored numerous peer-reviewed articles and book chapters, with her work recognized and referenced within the scientific community. She has also taught nanofabrication, materials characterization, and advanced microscopy courses. An active mentor and collaborator, she contributes to international research projects and is a reviewer for leading journals, advancing knowledge in nanotechnology and sustainable materials.","institutionString":"CENIMAT\u002Fi3N, FCT-NOVA, Portugal","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"3","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":null,"countryString":null,"tags":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":{"id":"177983","title":"Dr.","name":"Ana","middleName":null,"surname":"Pimentel","slug":"ana-pimentel","fullName":"Ana Pimentel","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F177983\u002F1736862664\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Ana Pimentel completed her PhD in Nanotechnologies and Nanoscience in 2011 from the NOVA School of Science and Technology. In 2012, she started a position as a Post-doctoral researcher at CENIMAT\u002FI3N on the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles to be used in different areas of applications, like UV and biosensors, photocatalysis, and electrochromic devices. Between 2019 and 2023, she worked as an assistant researcher (CEEC 2017), focusing on the solution-based synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanostructures. Currently, she is a principal researcher at Cenimat\u002FI3N, FCT-UNL, focusing on Scanning-transmission electron microscopy analyses. Her current research focuses are materials research using STEM and SEM; hydrothermal synthesis assisted by microwave radiation; spin-coating of thin films; metal oxides nanostructures grown on cellulosic and cork substrates; UV and biosensors; photocatalysis; antibacterial activity; and electrochromic applications.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":{"name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Portugal"}},"countryString":null,"tags":null},"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"208","title":"Material Science","slug":"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":{"id":"26","title":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials","issn":"3029-0538","editor":{"id":"457620","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"Jung","middleName":"Y.","surname":"Huang","slug":"jung-huang","fullName":"Jung Y. Huang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F457620\u002F1734511264\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Jung Y. Huang, a university educator and researcher, has been working to unravel the structures and functional properties of materials and cellular events in living cells with varying optical methodologies. He has co-authored hundreds of journal papers and five book chapters. He also holds tens of patents in laser techniques and single-molecule\u002Fhyperspectral imaging and has developed architectural photonics based on hierarchically structured materials. Currently, his research focuses on the integration of artificial intelligence methodology with optics to automatically discover meaningful information from optical sensing\u002Fimaging data cubes. He has been an editorial board member and reviewer for several scientific journals. As a member of the global scientific community, he sincerely supports and endeavors to promote the spread of scientific knowledge.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"0","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":{"name":"National Chiao Tung University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Taiwan"}},"tags":null}},"subseries":{"id":"97","series":{"id":"26","title":"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials","issn":"3029-0538","editor":{"id":"457620","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"Jung","middleName":"Y.","surname":"Huang","slug":"jung-huang","fullName":"Jung Y. Huang","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F457620\u002F1734511264\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Jung Y. Huang, a university educator and researcher, has been working to unravel the structures and functional properties of materials and cellular events in living cells with varying optical methodologies. He has co-authored hundreds of journal papers and five book chapters. He also holds tens of patents in laser techniques and single-molecule\u002Fhyperspectral imaging and has developed architectural photonics based on hierarchically structured materials. Currently, his research focuses on the integration of artificial intelligence methodology with optics to automatically discover meaningful information from optical sensing\u002Fimaging data cubes. He has been an editorial board member and reviewer for several scientific journals. As a member of the global scientific community, he sincerely supports and endeavors to promote the spread of scientific knowledge.","institutionString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"0","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"1","institution":{"name":"National Chiao Tung University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Taiwan"}},"tags":null}}},"tags":null,"_preview":0,"chapters":[{"id":"1180094","title":"Review of Synthesis, Characteristics, and Applications of Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructures","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006886","slug":null,"totalDownloads":158,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":1,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EZinc oxide (ZnO) is a unique material due to its physical and chemical properties, such as wide bandgap at room temperature (RT) (3.37 eV) and high binding energy (60 meV). This chapter contains the most important synthesis methods of doped ZnO nanostructure preparation. The most common methods for preparing nanoparticles (NPs) and thin films (TFs) are sol-gel, precipitation, and hydrothermal. The effects of doping appear in various forms and properties. Therefore, doped ZnO nanostructure characteristics are described to explain the structural properties, including the particle size measurement methods and the other features based on XRD data and others, and optical properties contain the approaches of bandgap energy calculations depending on UV-visible results, as well as electrical and magnetic properties. The doped ZnO nanostructures’ properties change after doping with metals and non-metals. The last part of the chapter illustrates the most prevalent and crucial applications, starting with medicine, followed by photocatalysis, photovoltaic, UV absorbers and photodetectors, and sensors, and finishing with a light-emitting diode (LED). This review provides valuable information when dealing with works related to pure and doped ZnO nanostructures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Hadba Hussain","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1180094","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1180094","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"517844","title":"Ms.","name":"Hadba","surname":"Hussain","slug":"hadba-hussain","fullName":"Hadba Hussain"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1186591","title":"Recent Trends of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Emerging Biomedical Application","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007653","slug":null,"totalDownloads":94,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":2,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EIn the current scenario, various industries such as pharmaceuticals, biomedical sectors, cosmetics, photovoltaics, and automotive utilize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) widely due to their exceptional potentials and high surface area-to-volume ratio. However, researchers are still working to improve the potential of ZnO NPs as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, etc. This chapter highlighted plants and microbial extract-based synthesis methods of ZnO NPs and comparative understanding established with laser ablation, chemical reduction, milling, and sputtering. In contrast, the green synthesis of ZnO NPs offers an eco-friendly and chemical-free approach for biological applications. The green synthesis method involves a range of extract compositions, including secondary metabolites flavonoids, enzymes, proteins, and sugars, which reduce and stabilize ZnO NPs, influencing their structure, shape, size, and morphology. Biologically synthesized ZnO NPs, due to their cost-effective and eco-friendly nature, are significant for medication distribution and sensing applications.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Ajay Kumar Tiwari, Saket Jha, Ram Raseele Awasthi, Abhimanyu Kumar Singh, Abhishek Kumar Bhardwaj and Sharad Kumar Tripathi","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1186591","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1186591","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"229586","title":"Dr.","name":"Abhishek","surname":"Bhardwaj","slug":"abhishek-bhardwaj","fullName":"Abhishek Bhardwaj"},{"id":"583013","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Ajay","surname":"Tiwari","slug":"ajay-tiwari","fullName":"Ajay Tiwari"},{"id":"583014","title":"Dr.","name":"Saket","surname":"Jha","slug":"saket-jha","fullName":"Saket Jha"},{"id":"583023","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Ram Raseele","surname":"Awasthi","slug":"ram-raseele-awasthi","fullName":"Ram Raseele Awasthi"},{"id":"583024","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Abhimanyu Kumar","surname":"Singh","slug":"abhimanyu-kumar-singh","fullName":"Abhimanyu Kumar Singh"},{"id":"622352","title":"Dr.","name":"Sharad","surname":"Tripathi","slug":"sharad-tripathi","fullName":"Sharad Tripathi"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1189048","title":"ZnO Nanoparticles as a Catalyst for Water Purification","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007849","slug":null,"totalDownloads":127,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":3,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThe organic pollutants in industrial water require an effective and environment friendly approach to degrade. The major concern of textile industry is the synthetic dyes. Dyes are carcinogenic persistent organic pollutants and pose a huge threat to the aquatic life, hence destroying the ecosystem. The transition metal oxides are used as the photocatalyst to degrade them effectively at low cost. ZnO NPs has outstanding properties such as cost effectiveness, non-toxicity, structural variations, and capability of complete mineralization of organic pollutant making them ideal candidate for the photocatalytic degradation. However, the limiting factor of ZnO is the constrained photocatalytic reduced in visible light. This chapter investigates conventional and modern synthesis techniques with their consequent effects on the crystal growth, band gap, surface area, particle size, morphology, and the effect on the photocatalytic activity. This chapter discusses in detail the impact of doping with different elements, semiconductors, and supporting materials with the insight of the photocatalytic mechanism. Moreover, the degradation of azo dyes under visible light is studied. The parameters such as catalyst dose, radiation source, dye concentration, redox reaction duration, rate of reaction, and kinetics of photocatalytic activity have been studied in detail. The chapter also gives the insight into the current challenges and future prospectives of ZnO as a photocatalyst.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Maryam Basit, Muhammad Aftab Akram, Mohsin Saleem, Sofia Javed and Jung-Hyuk Koh","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1189048","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1189048","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"221696","title":"Dr.","name":"Sofia","surname":"Javed","slug":"sofia-javed","fullName":"Sofia Javed"},{"id":"587565","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Maryam","surname":"Basit","slug":"maryam-basit","fullName":"Maryam Basit"},{"id":"601450","title":"Prof.","name":"Jung-Hyuk","surname":"Koh","slug":"jung-hyuk-koh","fullName":"Jung-Hyuk Koh"},{"id":"612851","title":"Dr.","name":"Muhammad Aftab","surname":"Akram","slug":"muhammad-aftab-akram","fullName":"Muhammad Aftab Akram"},{"id":"612852","title":"Dr.","name":"Mohsin","surname":"Saleem","slug":"mohsin-saleem","fullName":"Mohsin Saleem"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1181317","title":"Perspective Chapter: Vertically Aligned 1D ZnO Nanostructures – Influence of Synthesis Parameters on the Nanomaterials’ Properties","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1005167","slug":null,"totalDownloads":73,"totalCrossrefCites":2,"totalDimensionsCites":2,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":4,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EZinc oxide (ZnO) is a widely explored semiconductor metal oxide. This material has interesting properties for several research areas, including energy storage and harvesting, sensing and electronic applications. Its versatility has led to the development of various approaches for synthesizing nanostructures with different morphologies according to the application. In this chapter, a literature review on vapor phase and solution phase synthesis approaches for synthesizing one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures on different substrates will be provided to establish a comparison between different processes’ parameters. Since hydrothermal synthesis is the most widely used approach for growing ZnO on different substrates due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the principles of this technique will be detailed. As an experimental demonstration of such technique, novel results obtained at CENIMAT on microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods, exploring the influence of seed layer thickness, ultraviolet\u002Fozone (UVO) treatment to this layer, and synthesis time and temperature on the nanostructures’ morphology, will be presented. The nanostructures’ length, diameter and density were measured to establish a correlation between synthesis conditions and nanostructures’ features. A seed layer thickness of 100 nm, a 5 min UVO treatment, and a synthesis time and temperature of 60 min and 100°C led to the formation of ZnO nanorods with increased length and aspect ratio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Maria Morais, Mariana Cortinhal, Ana Rovisco, Jorge Martins, Rodrigo Martins and Pedro Barquinha","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1181317","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1181317","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"175096","title":"Dr.","name":"Pedro","surname":"Barquinha","slug":"pedro-barquinha","fullName":"Pedro Barquinha"},{"id":"197377","title":"Prof.","name":"Rodrigo","surname":"Martins","slug":"rodrigo-martins","fullName":"Rodrigo Martins"},{"id":"323604","title":"Dr.","name":"Ana","surname":"Rovisco","slug":"ana-rovisco","fullName":"Ana Rovisco"},{"id":"575505","title":"Dr.","name":"Maria","surname":"Morais","slug":"maria-morais","fullName":"Maria Morais"},{"id":"575506","title":"Dr.","name":"Mariana","surname":"Cortinhal","slug":"mariana-cortinhal","fullName":"Mariana Cortinhal"},{"id":"575507","title":"Dr.","name":"Jorge","surname":"Martins","slug":"jorge-martins","fullName":"Jorge Martins"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1190820","title":"Zinc Oxide: Wurtzite Structure Properties under Isobaric and Isothermal Ensembles – A Computational Calculation","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1007456","slug":null,"totalDownloads":78,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":5,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EZinc oxide is a promised component in Technology and Nanotechnology due to its practical properties especially under extended temperature and pressure. In this work parallel and equilibrium molecular dynamics technique (MD) (Raven Supercomputer of Cardiff University, UK) and DL_POLY 4 are used to study the effect of extended pressure and temperature; the system is composed from 2916 atoms of wurtzite type (1458 atoms of Oxygen and 1458 atoms of Zinc) under the range of pressure 0–200 GPa and the range of temperature 300–3000 K; the properties and chemical bonds of ZnO are analysed under isobaric and isothermal ensembles. These results are in the vicinity of available data of theoretical and experimental information. This work is very important in many industrial fields in nanoscale and macroscale fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Yahia Chergui","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1190820","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1190820","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"577969","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Yahia","surname":"Chergui","slug":"yahia-chergui","fullName":"Yahia Chergui"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1186494","title":"Defect-Induced Ferromagnetism in ZnO Nanoparticles","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006296","slug":null,"totalDownloads":39,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":6,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EZnO nanoparticles of different sizes were produced using a high-energy mechanical milling process. The average crystallite size drops from &sim;28 to &sim;11 nm after milling for 60 hours, the effective strain rises, and both the unmilled and milled powders exhibit a wurtzite structure. The crystallite size value increases (&sim;20–26 nm) with air annealing at 600°C. The pure ZnO powders show paramagnetism and eventually reveal ferromagnetism with moderate moment and large coercivity at ambient temperature. For the \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Et\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Csub\u003Em\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = 40 hours, ZnO powder generated a moment of &sim;0.9 emu\u002Fg at 12 kOe applied field and a coercivity value of &sim;172 Oe. Further, H\u003Csub\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and M\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase with decreasing temperature. ZFC and FC curve shows the ferromagnetic in nature. Furthermore, oxygen (V\u003Csub\u003EO\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) and zinc vacancies (V\u003Csub\u003EZn\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) were the primary causes of intrinsic defects, supported by Raman scattering spectra. Therefore, ZnO nanoparticles with magnetic characteristics that may be adjusted show promise for use in multipurpose spintronic devices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Bhagaban Kisan and Rajat Kumar Das","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1186494","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1186494","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"582743","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Bhagaban","surname":"Kisan","slug":"bhagaban-kisan","fullName":"Bhagaban Kisan"},{"id":"592211","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Rajat","surname":"Das","slug":"rajat-das","fullName":"Rajat Das"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1175937","title":"Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Application on Rice Yield and Quality","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1006107","slug":null,"totalDownloads":46,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":7,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003ERice is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population. Zinc (Zn) is a key micronutrient for plants, especially rice. Zinc deficiency can be a serious threat to global food security due to a significant reduction in rice yield. Currently, the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) through improving grain yield (GY) and increasing rice grain enrichment can be considered as an effective strategy to achieve the dual goal of ensuring food security and improving human health. This chapter describes the applications of ZnO-NPs in rice plants in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient uptake and crop yield. The addition of ZnO-NPs improves growth, increases agronomical parameters, enhances GY, and reduces the allocation of heavy metals into edible parts like grains, thereby improving the yield and quality of rice grains. In general, the present chapter emphasizes the beneficial role of ZnO-NPs in improving the yield and quality of rice grains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Norollah Kheyri","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1175937","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1175937","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"571353","title":"Dr.","name":"Norollah","surname":"Kheyri","slug":"norollah-kheyri","fullName":"Norollah Kheyri"}],"corrections":null,"isDeactivated2":0,"deactCorrection":null,"_preview":0},{"id":"1178761","title":"Bioinspired Fibrous Architectures Based on ZnO Templated by Eggshell Membranes","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1005214","slug":null,"totalDownloads":119,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"hasAltmetrics":0,"orderNumber":8,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EZnO-based nanostructures emerge as promising materials due to their potential applications in fields including electronic devices, photodetectors, photocatalysts, biocides, etc. The bio-template-mediated synthesis is a straightforward approach for obtaining inorganic or hybrid organic\u002Finorganic materials with tailored morphologies and functional properties. Eco-friendly waste, eggshell membrane (ESM) is an ideal bio-template for the development of 3D hierarchical porous architectures due to its specific 3D interlaced fiber protein network structure. Therefore, this chapter is focused on the ESM-mediated synthesis of 3D fibrous architectures based on ZnO, the ESM organic network being functionalized with inorganic nanostructures or replicated into an inorganic one as follows: i) coated with ZnO layer by RF magnetron sputtering, (ii) covered with ZnO by electroless deposition and (iii) replicated into ZnO web by biomorphic mineralization. The obtained ZnO shows wurtzite structure, band-gap value and emission bands typical for this semiconductor. The electrical properties of the ZnO fiber webs were measured using interdigitated metallic electrodes patterned substrates. 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He received his Ph.D. in physics from the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India. He then obtained a prestigious JSPS postdoctoral fellowship at Kobe University from the government of Japan. He continued his research as a senior postdoctoral fellow at a number of institutions, including S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India, the University of Cambridge and Cardiff University, UK, and the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience and has published over 36 research articles and a review article in high-profile international journals (SCI indexed) as well as three book chapters. He has edited two international peer-reviewed book projects. His research interests are semiconductor nanostructures (nanowires, thin films, heterostructures), optoelectronics, solid-state lighting and light sensors, and spectroscopy of nanomaterials including ultrafast laser spectroscopy and thin-film transistors.","institutionString":"Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology","position":null,"outsideEditionCount":0,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"2","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"2","institution":{"name":"KIIT University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"India"}}},"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},{"type":"book","id":"7684","title":"Multilayer Thin Films","subtitle":"Versatile Applications for Materials Engineering","isOpenForSubmission":false,"isPublished":true,"hash":"fd04577df0c895320c3f06d98308ea67","slug":"multilayer-thin-films-versatile-applications-for-materials-engineering","bookSignature":"Sukumar Basu","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F7684.jpg","editedByType":"Edited by","editors":[{"id":"50632","title":"Prof.","name":"Sukumar","surname":"Basu","slug":"sukumar-basu","fullName":"Sukumar Basu"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"productType":{"id":"1","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}}],"ofsBooks":[]},"correction":{"item":{"id":"87295","slug":"corrigendum-to-the-electronic-cigarette-use-in-canada-local-and-global-considerations","title":"Corrigendum to: The Electronic Cigarette Use in Canada – Local and Global Considerations","doi":null,"datePublished":null,"correctionPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F87295.pdf","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F87295","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F87295","totalDownloads":null,"totalCrossrefCites":null,"bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F87295","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F87295","chapter":{"id":"82132","slug":"the-electronic-cigarette-use-in-canada-local-and-global-considerations","signatures":"Rudra Dahal","dateSubmitted":"February 8th 2022","dateReviewed":"April 12th 2022","datePrePublished":"June 7th 2022","datePublished":"June 19th 2024","book":{"id":"12706","title":"Global Health Security","subtitle":"Contemporary Considerations and Developments","fullTitle":"Global Health Security - Contemporary Considerations and Developments","slug":"global-health-security-contemporary-considerations-and-developments","publishedDate":"June 19th 2024","bookSignature":"Allincia Michaud, Stanislaw P. 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It will offer a comparative analysis of major powers’ Indo-Pacific strategies and examine how various forms of warfare - such as conventional conflicts (e.g., the Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Iran tensions, and the Gaza conflict) - pose significant threats to global peace. Additionally, the book will investigate the implications of new forms of grey-zone interference and threats, including cyber and information warfare and conflict hotspots in the Indo-Pacific region.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFurthermore, it will analyse how state actors prepare for and engage in peace-building efforts, emphasising institutional arrangements and frameworks at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. The book will also consider the future prospects for global peace, highlighting the roles of non-state actors—such as corporations and civil society - in promoting peace beyond the state-centric paradigm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, the book will adopt global peace as its central theme, employing case studies and comparative analyses across different regions to construct a comprehensive vision and framework for achieving a sustainable peace worldwide.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","isbn":"978-1-80631-267-2","printIsbn":"978-1-80631-268-9","pdfIsbn":"978-1-80631-269-6","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1011270","price":0,"priceEur":0,"priceUsd":0,"oapfPrice":1650,"oapfPriceCurrency":"EUR","slug":null,"numberOfPages":0,"isOpenForSubmission":true,"isSalesforceBook":true,"isNomenclature":false,"hash":"95a3178e4f85c8fd4c00687e8feb904f","bookSignature":"Prof. Alan H. 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His research interests include Southeast Asian and Indo-Pacific regional studies, with a focus on the regional application of international relations theory, border politics in Southeast Asia, resistance politics, environmental politics, comparative regionalism, think tanks and foreign policy analysis, as well as disaster resilience and governance.\n\nDr. Yang was awarded the SUSI Fellowship from the U.S. Department of State in capacity of visiting professor of U.S. foreign policy at the Department of Political Science, University of Florida in 2011. He was also affiliated with the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Kyoto University in Japan as a visiting scholar in 2015. In 2018, Dr. Yang and his team of “building Resilient Communities in Asia” was recognized as one of the AEIF awardee. As for academic services, he serves on the international editorial board of the leading international study journal International Studies Review and the Journal of Human Values.\n\nDr. Yang has been nominated as a senior fellow of George HW Bush Foundation for US-China Relations in the United States since 2021 and a non-resident fellow of China Desk of the Reconnaissance Research in Kuwait since the July of 2021.\n\nSince 2009, Dr. Yang has devoted sustained effort to the study of soft power and foreign policy analysis, particularly examining the regional expansion and global layout of China’s Confucius Institutes. He has also conducted long-term fieldwork and on-site research to investigate how Southeast Asian states and local societies respond to the strategic presence of major powers in the region.\n\nDr. Yang has published more than 100 journal articles on China-ASEAN relations, international relations of Southeast Asia, security governance and disaster preparedness as well as the international political economy in the Indo-Pacific in international referred journals. According to 2025 data from Scholar GPS—the world’s largest database for researcher metrics—Dr. Yang ranks within the top 1.8% of scholars globally in the field of Southeast Asian studies, with his academic productivity placing him in the top 0.95%, highlighting his substantial international influence in the field.","institutionString":"National Chengchi University, Taiwan","countryString":null,"position":null,"outsideEditionCount":null,"totalCites":0,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalChapterViews":"0","totalEditedBooks":"0","institution":null}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"assistantEditorOne":null,"assistantEditorTwo":null,"assistantEditorThree":null,"assistantEditorFour":null,"assistantEditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"272","title":"Management","slug":"management"}],"chapters":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"series":{"id":"1003800","title":"Social Sciences","issn":"2977-6473","editor":{"id":"315030","name":"Sandro","middleName":null,"surname":"Serpa","fullName":"Sandro Serpa","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F315030\u002F1737013660\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of the Azores","country":{"name":"Portugal"}}}},"subseries":null,"personalPublishingAssistant":{"id":"1004352","firstName":"Nina","lastName":"Miocevic","middleName":null,"title":"Ms.","imageUrl":"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fweb\u002Ffrontend\u002Fwww\u002Fassets\u002F46.114\u002Fauthor.svg","email":"nina.m@intechopen.com","biography":null},"_preview":0},"regionStatistics":[{"id":"1","name":"Southern Europe","contributorCount":21370},{"id":"2","name":"Northern Europe","contributorCount":6960},{"id":"3","name":"Western Europe","contributorCount":10652},{"id":"4","name":"Northern America","contributorCount":17996},{"id":"5","name":"Eastern Asia","contributorCount":20252},{"id":"6","name":"Australia and New Zealand","contributorCount":2718}],"intechStatistics":{"openAccessBooks":"7,700","internationalAuthorsAndEditors":"198,000","downloads":"220M","deliversInCountries":"154","authorsAmongMostCitedScientists":"TOP 1%","authorsAndEditorsFromTopUniversities":"14%","dimensionsCitations":493137,"crossrefCitations":231896,"scientificWorks":86019,"researchInstitutions":11679},"srcParam":"S-F-1","chapterId":"","pageFlags":{"lowEconomy":0,"isFromSpain":0,"isFromChina":0,"isEditorContact":0,"isFromIowaStateUniversity":0,"isFromBarcelonaUniversity":0,"isFromAlcalaUniversity":0},"isFromSpain":false,"isFromChina":false,"regionId":"","selectedRegionStatistics":null,"economyCat":null,"isEditorContact":false,"isFromIowaStateUniversity":false,"isFromBarcelonaUniversity":false,"isFromAlcalaUniversity":false},"ofsBook_old1":{"item":{},"relatedBooks":[]},"chapter":{"item":{"type":"chapter","id":"74903","title":"Norovirus Genotypic Variability in Brazil","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.95849","slug":"norovirus-genotypic-variability-in-brazil","body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003ENoroviruses (NoVs) are small, non-enveloped viruses with icosahedral symmetry and diameters ranging between 27 and 40 nm [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] belonging to the family Caliciviridae and the genus Norovirus. The virus genome consists of simple, positive-sense RNA strands of approximately 7.4 to 7.7 kb and contains three open reading frames (ORFs) [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), ORF2 encodes the major capsid VP1 protein, and ORF3 encodes a minor structural protein VP2 [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The VP1 protein has the N-terminal (N), shell (S), and protruding (P) domains, and the current classification of NoVs into 10 genogroups (Gl to GX) has been based on these gene sequences. These viruses have been further classified into 49 and 60 confirmed genotypes and types based on amino acids of the complete VP1 and partial nucleotide sequences of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase regions, respectively [\u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Among the genogroups, only GI, GII, and GIV contain strains that infect humans. GII genotype 4 (GII.4) is the predominant NoV genotype causing gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, with periodic emergence and pandemic spread of novel lineages of the NoV GII.4 variants [\u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Mutations and recombination frequently occur within NoV genomes, and these evolutionary forces contribute to the emergence of new GII.4 variants every two to three years capable of re-infecting individuals already exposed to the virus [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Recently, a new variant of the virus (Gll.17) that has never been reported before was detected in several countries in Asia, Europe, and North and South America, including Brazil, during outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003ENoVs are strongly associated with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis; they are highly infectious and can affect all ages. The main routes of transmission of these viruses vary between fecal-oral, contact with infected people, ingestion of contaminated food and\u002For water, and aerosol produced by vomiting [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Infection with these viruses is usually acute and limited: vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea are the main symptoms. However, in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients, there may be prolonged viral excretion and clinical complications due to virus infection [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. Norovirus variants in Brazil\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EIt is well known that NoVs are responsible for outbreaks, sporadic cases, and hospitalizations in Brazil [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, generally in Brazil, the investigations of NoVs in hospital studies have been primarily focused on epidemiological surveys of diarrheal diseases caused by Rotavirus as a cause of severe gastroenteritis [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The first molecular detection of NoVs in Brazil occurred in the early 1990s and, since then, the presence of Gl and Gll has been reported in several regions of the country [\u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The tremendous diversity of NoV GII.4 variants with recombinant genotypes has been reported throughout the five geopolitical regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, South, and Southeast) of Brazil [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] as depicted in \u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It has been suggested that the GII.17 variant detected in 2015 might have been introduced during the soccer World Cup event held in Brazil in 2014 [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F74903\u002F1512345123\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\" id=\"p5\"\u003EDistribution of NoVs genotypes and recombinants detected in the five geopolitical regions of Brazil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.1 South region\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003EThe South region of Brazil is made up of three states: the Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Paraná. The region covers an area of 576,409.6 km2, making it the smallest region in the country. It is considered the third most populated and second most densely populated region in Brazil, as it has a population of 29.4 million people and a population density of 50 individuals per km2. Several studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of NoV-associated gastroenteritis as well as the genotypic characterization of the virus circulating in the southern region of Brazil [\u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. documented the circulation of eight different NoV recombinant strains responsible for AGE outbreaks in the southern region from 2004 to 2011. These strains were identified by the recombination tools as GII.P7\u002FGII.6, GIIP.g\u002FGII.12, GII. P16\u002FGII.3, GII.Pe\u002FGII.17, GII.P7\u002FGII.14, GII.P13\u002FGII.17, GII.P21\u002FGII.3, and GII.P21\u002FGII.13. Among these strains, the GII.P7\u002FGII.6 was the strain with the most frequent recombination, circulating from 2004 to 2010, followed by GII.Pg\u002FGII.12, which was only detected in 2009. In 2016, Débora Maria Pires Gonçalves Barreira and colleagues [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] reported for the first time on the circulation and predominance of the newly emergent GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney strain along the southeastern coast of Brazil. Other studies confirmed the circulation of the pathogenic GIV genotype in both clinical and environmental samples [\u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.2 Southeast region\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EThis region is made up of four states: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais. It encompasses an area of 924,511.3 km2 and has a population of 86.3 million people, which ranks as the fourth largest region by area and the most populated. It is also the most densely populated region, with a population density of 87 individuals per km2. Various studies have been conducted in this region to highlight the diversity of the circulating NoV genotypes. For example, an earlier report on sporadic infections in Brazilian children in the state of São Paulo revealed a high prevalence of GII and that the majority of the sequenced strains were phylogenetically clustered with GII.4. The same study also reported different potential recombinant strains [\u003Ca href=\"#B13\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. In the state of Espírito Santo, an emerging recombinant NoV genotype was detected between January 2015 and July 2016; in the first year, the study reported a predominance of GII.Pe\u002FGII.4 Sydney 2012 and, in the second year, a high prevalence of the GII. P16\u002FGII.4 recombinant strain was observed [\u003Ca href=\"#B11\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The same study also reported the detection of GII.P17\u002FGII.17 in three samples in 2016, which had already been detected in the country in 2015. A recent study by Cantelli et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] aimed to scrutinize the genetic divergence of noroviruses in fecal specimens obtained from children with or without acute diarrheic episodes from a low-income urban area, the Manguinhos community, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The results of this study showed 10 different genotypes circulating in this community between November 2014 and April 2018: GII.P4\u002FGII.4, GII.P7\u002FGII.6, and GI.7\u002FGI.7 were the most frequent, followed by GII.P16\u002FGII.2, GII.P17\u002FGII.17, GII.P16\u002FGII.4 Sydney, GII.P and GII.4 Sydney, GII.P7\u002FGII.7, GI.Pd\u002FGI.3, and GI.P1\u002FGI.1. In addition, the frequent detection and genetic diversity of NoV observed in children who did not have episodes of acute diarrhea may mean frequent exposure to the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.3 Center-west region\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003EThe Brazilian Central-West region includes the following states: Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, and the Federal District (which includes Brasília, the capital of Brazil). Few studies on the variability of NoVs from human clinical samples have been performed in this region. In the State of Goiás, feces were collected from children with or without symptoms of AGE in the periods 2009–2011 and 2014–2015 to characterize the ORF1 - RdRp and ORF2 - VP1 regions of the NoV genome. This study identified GII.P7-GII.6 (the most frequent recombination), GII.Pe\u002FGII.4 (the second most frequent recombination in this study and characterized as Sydney 2012 variant), and GII. P16-GII.3 [\u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The data from the same study indicate that the distribution of NoV genotypes circulating in this region varies over time and that some recombinant strains had different recombinant breakpoints in samples obtained at different periods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.4 North region\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EThe Brazilian North region includes the following states: Tocantins, Pará, Amapá, Amazonas, Roraima, Acre, and Rondônia. This is the largest region in Brazil, corresponding to 45.27% of the national territory. It is the least inhabited region of the country, with only 3.8 inhabitants per km\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. Recombinant strains of NoVs have been previously detected in a few clinical cases or in outbreaks that occurred in this region. However, in the Amazon states, between 2011 and 2014, the circulation of a recombinant strain GII.P7 \u002F GII.6 was documented, which may indicate that this strain is already established in the population [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. A recent study on samples collected during 2015 and 2016 from children under 5 years of age in Pará and Amazonas states demonstrated an increase in the circulation of the emerging GII.17_2014 strain in the Amazon region, and their phylogenetic approach suggests a single introduction of this genotype to the Amazon region [\u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Another strain that has also been detected in Amazonas is Gll.4, including variants GII.4 New Orleans_2009, and Sydney_2012 [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The same genotype detected in the Amazon region (GII.17_2014) was also detected in children with gastroenteritis in Belém, the capital of the state of Pará (neighboring the state of Amazonas) in 2016 [\u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. However, a few years prior in this same region, more precisely during the period 2012–2015, stools and blood samples were collected from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis, and the viral load in the serum was very low when compared to the stools. In this study, a recombinant strain considered unusual was detected (GII.P13 \u002F GII.17). However, while the main strain detected was GII.4 Sydney 2012, strains GII.P7 \u002F GII.6, GII.P22 \u002F GII.5, and GI.Pb \u002FGI.6 were also reported [\u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. An older study, by Siqueira et al. [\u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], also conducted in Belém, which lasted for almost 30 years (1982–2011), had followed both children in the community and outpatients and patients in hospitals to identify NoV genotypes related to cases of acute gastroenteritis. The Gll.4 (or GII.P4) genotype was the unique variant detected in all collected samples during the period 1998 to 2011. However, between 1982 and 1986, the GII genotypes were highlighted. P6 and GII.P7 were prevalent during the period 1990–1992, and GII.P3, GII.6, and GII.7 were reported during the period 1992–1994, with GII.P3 noted as the most prevalent variant. The GII.P21 genotype also had a wide circulation and was detected more frequently from the end of September 1998 until 2011, and was widely detected between the years 2001–2002 and 2008–2011.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E2.5 Northeast region\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EThe Brazilian Northeast region includes the following states: Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí, and Maranhão. In several cities in the state of Pernambuco, between 2014 and 2017, stool samples were collected from individuals with acute gastroenteritis, with children up to 3 years old being the most affected by the virus. After sequencing the ORF1–ORF2 regions of 20 strains circulating in the state, four different GII genotypes were found: GII.Pe-GII.4, GII.P16-GII.3, GII.P16-GII.4, and GII.P4-GII.4, of which GII.Pe-GII.4 was the most prevalent in the region In the semi-arid region of North-eastern Brazil, which has the lowest income and the largest income disparity in the country, a study was conducted between 2009 and 2012 to determine the distribution of NoV genotypes in children ranging in age from 2 to 36 months with diarrhea and living in the cities in the states of Paraíba, Ceará, Pernambuco, or Piauí. In the study subjects, 45.2% of the individuals were positive for NoV, with genogroups GII and Gl being detected in 94.6% and 5.3% of positive samples, respectively. Based on the polymerase region, the most frequent genotypes were GII.P7 and GII.P16, while based on the capsid region, the main genotypes were GII.3, GII.14, and GII.4 New Orleans_2009. However, when both regions were analyzed, the authors observed a high frequency of recombinant strains classified as GII.P16-GII.3, GII.P7-GII.14, and GII.P7-GII, of which GII.P16-GII.3 had the highest prevalence [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Conclusions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EOverall, this chapter has shown the circulation of multiple NoV strains in Brazil, which may lead to the occurrence of novel recombinant strains. Therefore, efforts to improve the national surveillance system are warranted to facilitate early detection of novel emergent variants, preparedness for upcoming epidemics, and the development and production of vaccines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003EThis work was supported by grant 2018\u002F08631-3 from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo..\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EConflict of interest\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003ENotes\u002Fthanks\u002Fother declarations\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThe authors would like to acknowledge the laboratory of medical investigation 56 (LIM 56) for support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"norovirus, gastroenteritis, genetic diversity, recombinant variants","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fpdfs\u002F74903.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fmts.intechopen.com\u002Fsource\u002Fxml\u002F74903.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F74903\u002F1672090443\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F74903","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F74903","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F74903\u002F1512345123\u002F","totalDownloads":547,"totalViews":226,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"totalAltmetricsMentions":0,"introChapter":null,"impactScore":0,"impactScorePercentile":7,"impactScoreQuartile":1,"hasAltmetrics":0,"dateSubmitted":"December 28th 2020","dateReviewed":"January 5th 2021","datePrePublished":"January 22nd 2021","datePublished":"September 1st 2021","dateFinished":"January 22nd 2021","readingETA":"0","abstract":"Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in various epidemiological settings worldwide. The virus displays a high genetic diversity that can be classified into genogroups, genotypes, and recombinant strains. Only genogroups I, II, and IV have been found to infect humans. Variants of genogroup II genotype 4 are the most widely circulating strains and have been responsible for all NoV outbreaks globally since the mid-1990s. Several studies from different Brazilian regions have been conducted to detect and genetically characterize NoV from sporadic AGE cases and outbreaks. In this chapter, we have summarized the data that focused on the genetic variabilities of NoVs and thus highlight the value of a surveillance system in assessing not only the true burden of the disease, but also the detection and characterization of emerging novel variants.","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F74903","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F74903","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","copyright":"© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen.","deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"9850","type":"book","title":"Norovirus","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Norovirus","slug":"norovirus","publishedDate":"September 1st 2021","bookSignature":"Gyula Mózsik","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.intechopen.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fimages_new\u002F9850.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1713444032-1035906792\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1713444032-1035906792\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1718279353-188924698\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1718279353-188924698\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1718116651-292968411\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F9850\u002F1718116651-292968411\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":"Edited by","isbn":"978-1-83968-945-1","price":119,"printIsbn":"978-1-83968-944-4","pdfIsbn":"978-1-83968-946-8","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","numberOfWosCitations":0,"isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isPublished":true,"isPublisherCbs":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"58390","title":"Dr.","name":"Gyula","middleName":null,"surname":"Mozsik","slug":"gyula-mozsik","fullName":"Gyula Mozsik"}],"equalEditorOne":null,"equalEditorTwo":null,"equalEditorThree":null,"coeditorOne":null,"coeditorTwo":null,"coeditorThree":null,"coeditorFour":null,"coeditorFive":null,"topics":[{"id":"1046"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"},"chapters":[{"id":"77712","type":"chapter","title":"Introductory Chapter: Norovirus","slug":"introductory-chapter-norovirus","totalDownloads":752,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"signatures":"Gyula 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Mukhopadhyay**, Sumit Paul, Arindam Bhattacharyya and Snehasikta Swarnakar","authors":[{"id":"32611","title":"Dr.","name":"S.","middleName":null,"surname":"Swarnakar","fullName":"S. Swarnakar","slug":"s.-swarnakar"},{"id":"343432","title":"Prof.","name":"Arindam","middleName":null,"surname":"Bhattacharyya","fullName":"Arindam Bhattacharyya","slug":"arindam-bhattacharyya"},{"id":"359672","title":"Dr.","name":"Avisek","middleName":null,"surname":"Banerjee**","fullName":"Avisek Banerjee**","slug":"avisek-banerjee**"},{"id":"359673","title":"Dr.","name":"Asish K.","middleName":null,"surname":"Mukhopadhyay**","fullName":"Asish K. 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Morales-Guerrero, Eduardo Mucito-Varela, Germán Rubén Aguilar-Gutiérrez, Yolanda Lopez-Vidal and Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas","authors":[{"id":"157661","title":"Dr.","name":"Gonzalo","middleName":null,"surname":"Castillo-Rojas","fullName":"Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas","slug":"gonzalo-castillo-rojas"},{"id":"157905","title":"Dr.","name":"Gonzalo","middleName":null,"surname":"Castillo-Rojas","fullName":"Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas","slug":"gonzalo-castillo-rojas"},{"id":"157908","title":"Dr.","name":"German","middleName":null,"surname":"Aguilar- Gutierrez","fullName":"German Aguilar- Gutierrez","slug":"german-aguilar-gutierrez"},{"id":"157909","title":"MSc.","name":"Eduardo","middleName":null,"surname":"Mucito-Varela","fullName":"Eduardo Mucito-Varela","slug":"eduardo-mucito-varela"},{"id":"157910","title":"MSc.","name":"Stephanie E.","middleName":null,"surname":"Morales-Guerrero","fullName":"Stephanie E. Morales-Guerrero","slug":"stephanie-e.-morales-guerrero"},{"id":"159164","title":"Prof.","name":"Yolanda","middleName":null,"surname":"López-Vidal","fullName":"Yolanda López-Vidal","slug":"yolanda-lopez-vidal"}]},{"id":"40675","title":"From Gastritis to Gastric Cancer: The Importance of CagPAI of Helicobacter Pylori on the Development of Early and Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma","slug":"from-gastritis-to-gastric-cancer-the-importance-of-cagpai-of-helicobacter-pylori-on-the-development-","signatures":"Bruna Maria Roesler and José Murilo Robilotta Zeitune","authors":[{"id":"54995","title":"Dr.","name":"Bruna Maria","middleName":null,"surname":"Roesler","fullName":"Bruna Maria Roesler","slug":"bruna-maria-roesler"},{"id":"158394","title":"Dr.","name":"José Murilo","middleName":null,"surname":"Zeitune","fullName":"José Murilo Zeitune","slug":"jose-murilo-zeitune"}]},{"id":"42019","title":"Gastric Cancer: Molecular Pathology State","slug":"gastric-cancer-molecular-pathology-state","signatures":"Filomena Altieri, Paolo Arcari and Emilia Rippa","authors":[{"id":"49904","title":"Dr.","name":"Paolo","middleName":null,"surname":"Arcari","fullName":"Paolo Arcari","slug":"paolo-arcari"},{"id":"238488","title":"Dr.","name":"Emilia","middleName":null,"surname":"Rippa","fullName":"Emilia Rippa","slug":"emilia-rippa"},{"id":"359907","title":"Dr.","name":"Filomena","middleName":null,"surname":"Altieri","fullName":"Filomena Altieri","slug":"filomena-altieri"}]}]}],"publishedBooks":[],"publishedBooksByAuthor":[]},"onlineFirst":{"chapter":{"type":"chapter","id":"1171003","title":"Democracy as a Perpetual Revolution: New Political Theory beyond Five Paradoxes","doi":"10.5772\u002Fintechopen.1003703","slug":null,"body":"\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_1\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E1. Introduction: popularity and crisis of democracy as a public philosophy\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p2\"\u003EDemocracy is one of the most critical themes in political philosophy; moreover, it is also the cardinal theme in public philosophy.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#fn1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fn\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p3\"\u003EPublic philosophy can be defined in several ways: English usage signifies philosophy, which is publicly open to many people, in other words, popular. Japanese usage focuses on philosophy concerning public and private relations [\u003Ca href=\"#B1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Thus, this chapter defines this term in both ways: exoteric philosophy for attaining some kind of publicness. It could be described as “philosophy of the public, by the public, and for the public,” in a paraphrase of Lincoln’s famous line from his Gettysburg Address.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p4\"\u003EThere are various public philosophies today: They are concerned with either politics, economy, or society. Among them, democracy is one of the most important and widespread public philosophies in its theory and application, because democracy has established itself as the orthodox public philosophy in politics in the contemporary world. Few political theorists dare to deny the cardinality of democracy. Although non-democratic regimes and practices remain in the contemporary world, rival political theories or philosophies that could directly challenge democracy have lost their attractiveness for most intellectuals: Communism or socialism lost credit, and few theorists support fascist theories and ideologies for authoritarian regimes. So then, many political theorists and citizens believed in the coming of “the third wave of democratization” (Samuel Huntington) and “the end of history” (Francis Fukuyama) in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century [\u003Ca href=\"#B2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p5\"\u003EHowever, this neither means that most people, including political theorists, are primarily satisfied with the present conditions of democracies in the world, nor does it mean that public policies in democratic countries are adequately responsive to various problems in the world. For example, democratic countries cannot deal adequately with economic difficulties caused by globalization, and right-wing populism has become popular even in the mother countries of Western democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p6\"\u003ETo begin with, American democracy has lost credit in the world, because the former Trump administration seems to be a right-wing populist government, committing various anti-democratic or illegal actions. Likewise, former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson looks like a populist; Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen, a right-wing populist, challenged, though defeated by Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron, in the French final presidential vote in 2017 and 2022.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p7\"\u003EAccordingly, democracy has lost momentum in most other countries, even in countries where democracy has once established itself: there seems to be a regurgitation from democracy to authoritarian or non-democratic regimes. Some countries have degenerated into pseudo-democracies or neo-authoritarianism. Since the late 1990s, these hybrid regimes have been called illiberal democracy, semi-authoritarianism, electoral authoritarianism, or competitive authoritarianism [\u003Ca href=\"#B4\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B5\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B7\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B8\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B9\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Many of these hybrid regimes are substantive authoritarianism, though the country formally preserves the electoral systems. For instance, most former communist countries in East Europe have once turned into democracies, but many, including Russia, have returned to these kinds of authoritarianism or pseudo-democracies. Some Asian countries, including Japan, indicate more or less similar political phenomena.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p8\"\u003EThese facts remind us that democracy failed in ancient Athens, because it degenerated into mobocracy. Likewise, democracy also failed in Germany in the Weimar Republic because of the Nazi takeover. Recent political currents above demonstrate that there still remains the danger that such nightmares could happen in the present world: democracies can collapse once again.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p9\"\u003EThese crises remind us that various political theorists have already pointed to the impasse democracy faced: for example, “the deficit of democracy.” Thus, it should be recognized that democracy today is not stable and reliable at all. Although democracy is most famous as a public philosophy in the world, it is necessary to examine and revise the present state of democracy for its survival: both its theory and its practice. This chapter will focus on the normative theory of democracy, which should reflect practical political concerns in various areas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p10\"\u003EFor the revival of democracy, it is significant to examine the character of democracy, in particular, its substantive content in contrast to the formal institutions, such as the existence of elections (Section 2). Next, it matters to investigate contemporary political theories of democracy: these are frequently qualified by various attributes (Section 3). Other than these, it is worthwhile to turn our eyes to major contemporary political philosophies: liberalism, communitarianism, and republicanism. There are dialectical tensions among these political theories and philosophies (Section 4). By the examination of these philosophies, five basic tensions can be extracted (Section 5).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p11\"\u003EIn order to overcome the democratic paradoxes, the following argument will call attention to the democratic theory of Masao Maruyama (1914–1996),\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#fn2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fn\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E the leading political theorist after the Second World War. He deeply reflected on the cultural cause of Japanese fascism and advocated establishing democracy. Moreover, he indicated original insights on democracy through his studies of Western and Japanese political thought and proposed a “perpetual revolution of democracy” (Section 6). This chapter will re-formulate this idea in contemporary political theories as a multi-dimensional democratic theory for overcoming the crises of democracy with various paradoxes (Section 7). This theory will develop Maruyama’s idea concerning radical spiritual democracy of democracy toward high-quality democracy (Section 8). Consequently, a new political theory of democracy will be proposed, and the neo-dialectical way to overcome the democratic paradoxes must be the multi-dimensional perpetual revolution (Section 9).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_2\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E2. From formal democracy to substantive democracy\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p12\"\u003EThere can be a question of whether the notion of democracy in communist or socialist theories can be classified under a category of democratic public philosophy. Some communist theories, such as Marxist theories, historically disregarded formal democracy, and democratic centralization under the banner of the dictatorship of the proletariat in communist parties can frequently function as the dictatorial or repressive mode of domination within the parties or states ruled by the parties. As Marxist theories flourished immediately after the Second World War, this kind of criticism was significant, for example, in the age of Maruyama.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p13\"\u003ENevertheless, such a theoretical argument against democratic centralization has been taken for granted after the collapse of the Soviet Union in many countries, including Japan. When the theme of discussion is limited to democracy in liberal regimes or liberal political activities, the legitimacy of democracy is taken for granted, and the question is, what kind of democracy should be pursued?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p14\"\u003EFormal democracy could be defined as the existence of elections and parliaments, frequently used in comparative political analyses. It is valuable and necessary to evaluate various regimes by the existence\u002Fnon-existence and the substance of elections, and this is sometimes all that can be done due to the limits posed by available data in comprehensive comparative analysis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p15\"\u003EHowever, the existence of elections is insufficient for maintaining and developing democracy. There are cases where elections are used to legitimize substantially authoritarian regimes. There were other cases when formal democracy collapsed, being reduced to a mere formality disguised by the existence of elections. These phenomena correspond to neo-authoritarianism or competitive authoritarianism mentioned above. In the age of mass democracy, democracy can also quickly transform into populism, authoritarianism, or even fascism, just like democracy fell into mobocracy in ancient Athens. Athenian democracy was defeated when it began to wage the imprudent Peloponnesian War with Sparta.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p16\"\u003EMoreover, formal democracy is insufficient for realizing a democratic ideal: it tends to degenerate into the façade of rule by power elites. J. J. Rousseau wrote, in \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003EOn the Social Contract\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1762), that English people thought they were masters, but they were actually enslaved people between elections [\u003Ca href=\"#B14\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E14\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The existence of elections does not guarantee the existence of substantive democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p17\"\u003EThus, we need something more than formal democracy for the following reasons. First, the results of elections merely reflect people’s opinions at the time of elections. Secondly, the elections are sometimes manipulated by governments: their timing, issue-setting, and influences of power. Thirdly, people’s votes only express their preferences for parties and politicians and cannot accurately articulate their opinions on various issues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p18\"\u003EMaruyama argued that democracy includes not only institutions like elections but also democratic ideas and movements [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The reason would be that the latter two factors are indispensable for making democracy reflect people’s opinions lively beyond the results of elections: this moment can avoid the danger of the degeneration of democracy mentioned above.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p19\"\u003EAccordingly, this chapter uses the term “substantive democracy” in contrast to merely institutional “formal democracy:” The former signifies democracy by people’s authentic opinions and their participation, based on sufficient information and discussions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p20\"\u003EDemocracy has already established itself as the orthodox public philosophy in politics, but the public philosophy should be qualified into some form of substantive democracy. It would be possible to call the qualified form substantive democracy: it implies raising the quality of democracy against degeneration under the guise of formal democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_3\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E3. Democracies qualified by attributes in political theories\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p21\"\u003EVarious theorists have proposed ideas for making democracy substantive. Maruyama’s understanding of democracy consisting of ideas, institutions, and movements is one of them. He also emphasized the importance of voluntary associations in democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p22\"\u003ESome recent political theorists in the West proposed qualified democracy by adding some adjective to the word democracy: participatory democracy (Carole Pateman), deliberative democracy (Jürgen Habermas, Joshua Cohen, James S. Fishkin), discursive democracy (John S.Dryzek), radical democracy (Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe), agonistic democracy (Chantal Mouffe, William Connolly), contestatory democracy (Philip Pettit), associative democracy (Paul Hirst). These are related to arguments in public philosophy in general [\u003Ca href=\"#B15\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B16\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B17\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B18\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B19\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E20\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B21\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B22\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E22\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B23\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E23\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B24\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E24\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B25\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E25\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B27\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E27\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p23\"\u003EHanna Arendt and J. Habermas greatly influenced contemporary public philosophy. Arendt emphasized the importance of “action,” namely, public or political discussion and debates in human life [\u003Ca href=\"#B28\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E28\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Her works promoted critical arguments against formal democracy, and the discussions illuminated the importance of critical arguments, protests, or challenges in politics. “Participatory democracy” was proposed in the age of radical politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Rousseau’s thought typically influenced it, and Arendt’s political philosophy revived or provided a new impetus to this stream of political theory. These kinds of democratic theories especially emphasized the democracy of movements in Maruyama’s terms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p24\"\u003EHabermas belongs to the second generation of critical theory in Germany, and his philosophy naturally contains a critical perspective toward essential aspects, such as the capitalist economy and bureaucracy in the contemporary world: he summarized the contemporary structural problem in the phrase “colonization of life world.” Against this problem, he formulated a communication theory of discursive ethics [\u003Ca href=\"#B29\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. He argued that reaching a consensus is possible in an “ideal speech situation,” and his theory is regarded as a consensus model.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p25\"\u003EPolitical discussion, debate, and deep thinking with sufficient information or knowledge constitute one of the central elements of democracy, and these arguments stimulate political theories. Habermas’ philosophy contributed to the generation of “deliberative democracy” led by J. Cohen, J. Fishkin, and others: J.Cohen, a former student of Habermas, emphasized the deliberative process through reason and discussion normatively, and J. Fishkin proposed to introduce the deliberative process by conducting deliberative opinion poll and deliberative day before votes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p26\"\u003EHowever, this kind of democracy seems to be grounded in the consensual model of politics, and this is attacked by theorists who attach importance to the conflictive aspect of politics. For example, E. Laclau and Ch. Mouffe argue for “radical democracy,” which implies deepening democracy beyond formal or consensual democracy by activating conflictive and contestatory elements in politics. A version of radical democracy is “agonistic democracy” (Ch. Mouffe, W. Connolly), which emphasizes combative politics in a democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p27\"\u003ETo be sure, it is crucial to turn our eyes to the conflictive elements of democracy, but the existence of this aspect does not necessarily mean the denial of the importance of the deliberative process. Thus, some theorists, like J.S. Dryzek, revised the idea of deliberative democracy into “discursive democracy” by increasing the relative weight of the conflictive aspect in the deliberative process in civil society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p28\"\u003EWhile radical democracy focuses on the aspect of movement in democracy, a republican philosopher, Ph. Pettit, proposed the concept of contestatory democracy. This idea illuminates the process of contestation, but he emphasizes the institutional arrangements that enable people to utilize the process: the judiciary, ombudsman, and so on. This theory broadens the institutional variety beyond the mere electoral process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p29\"\u003EOther theorists, such as P. Hirst, revived classical associationism and proposed “associational democracy.” He proposed that various civic associations should be activated to take charge of democratic governance in fields, such as medicine, education, and welfare: this would pluralize the state and publicize civil society. This idea is quite in tune with Maruyama’s emphasis on voluntary associations, enlarging the scope of the classical idea of associations from the political sphere to the social sphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p30\"\u003EEach of these ideas has advantages and disadvantages, but most have something to contribute to making democracy substantive. Deliberative democracy is vital, because deliberation provides democracy with some degree of good decisions in the policymaking process and prevents democracy from deterioration. Radical democracy, including agonistic democracy, could revive the mechanisms of defense against possible abuse of power in a democracy. However, too much emphasis on conflictual aspects could lead to sterile political battles if political actors disregard the desirability of consensus as long as possible. The idea of discursive democracy tries to balance the demands of consensual politics and those of conflictual politics. The process of discussion and deliberation is the most essential function of the public sphere, and, therefore, these democratic political theories could be regarded as the development of public philosophy in politics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p31\"\u003EIn the case of contestatory democracy, this concept is closely associated with a kind of republican public philosophy; associative democracy focuses on the associations of another kind of republican public philosophy, as will be discussed below. Thus, republicanism and related public philosophies are the theme of the next section.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_4\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E4. Dialectical tensions in political philosophies: liberal, communitarian, and republican democracy\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p32\"\u003EWhile these ideas of democracy have been principally proposed as political theories, political philosophies present noteworthy other candidates for public philosophy in politics than qualified democracies: liberalism, communitarianism, and republicanism. In fact, these three are the central concepts in recent literature of public philosophy, while democracy is more familiar in the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p33\"\u003EMichael Sandel, for example, attacked Rawls’ version of liberalism in his \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ELiberalism and the Limits of Justice\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E [\u003Ca href=\"#B30\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fa\u003E] and opened the way for communitarianism: the debate between liberalism and communitarianism started from this work [\u003Ca href=\"#B31\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E31\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. He then depicted the historical confrontation between liberalism and republicanism in the history of American public philosophy [\u003Ca href=\"#B32\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E32\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. This thesis has been associated with the extensive debate on understanding American history of ideas from Independence to the present. His purpose is to revive republican public philosophy against the hegemony of liberalism since the 1960s. Republicanism derives its name from \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Eres publica\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (public things or matters), and this political theory is primarily associated with the idea of public philosophy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p34\"\u003EThe idea of liberal democracy is so popular that the philosophical tension between liberalism and democracy tends to pass unnoticed. Nevertheless, careful political philosophers or theorists are conscious of the tension: liberalism, especially in contemporary American political philosophy, emphasizes the importance of rights and justice and even asserts its priority over democracy when the requirements of liberalism clash with those of democracy. Thus, liberalists are not necessarily passionate democrats: liberalists are cautious about the danger that the majority’s decision infringes on the rights of the minority.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p35\"\u003EIn contrast, communitarianism and republicanism are, at a glance, positively associated with democracy; in fact, these two are also prospective candidates for attaining substantive democracy, as well as the theories mentioned above. These two are set within the framework of democracy. While social conservatives or authoritarians are hostile to democracy, communitarians support democracy and strive to be respectable democratic citizens. Republicans historically contributed to establishing democracy against the monarchy and strongly hoped to maintain democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p36\"\u003EHowever, some philosophical tensions exist between these and the simple understanding of democracy. Communitarianism stresses the importance of morality and virtue, and republicanism focuses on civic virtue, while a simple understanding of democracy does not require citizens or voters to have any particular moral or ethical quality. Ancient political philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, initially proposed the moral or ethical requirement. Plato, for example, argued that wisdom and virtue are necessary for politics in an ideal republic. They do not necessarily rank democracy highly, because they were aware of the problem of mobocracy, which they observed in Athenian democracy after Pericles. While citizens have some level of knowledge and morality under good leadership, democracy works well; when these conditions are lost, democracy can degenerate into mobocracy, and the polity faces the danger of collapse in some way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p37\"\u003EThis historical understanding lies under the problem mentioned earlier in this article. Communitarians and republicans attempt to provide democracy with a remedy against this problem. The communitarian prescription would be the general ethical improvement of citizens. Republican proposals consist of cultivating civic virtue for political participation and political wisdom for attaining the common good, supplemented by institutional contrivance for preventing dictatorship or tyranny: Sandel’s accent on the formative project of cultivating citizen’s character for self-government corresponds to the former, and Pettit’s idea of contestatory democracy is in accord with the latter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p38\"\u003EThe naïve understanding of democracy does not imply these conditions: democracy means literally the rule by \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Edemos\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, that is, people, and no sort of virtue or morality is required of people for their exercise of that rule. People do not necessarily have any particular virtue against the demand of the two streams of thought, namely, communitarianism and republicanism. The republican institutional arrangements, such as the judiciary, are more or less non-democratic, because they are introduced to prevent tyranny or dictatorship supported by the majority. Therefore, there are some dialectical tensions between democracy and communitarianism and between democracy and republicanism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p39\"\u003EIt would be thus fruitful to propose the terms “communitarian democracy” and “republican democracy:” these are also qualified democracies inspired by political philosophy. These two kinds of qualified democracy are not equivalent to simple democracy but a form of integration between democracy and some non-democratic elements, just as liberal democracy is the connection between democracy and liberalism, which is not necessarily democratic ideas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p40\"\u003EAs communitarianism requires citizens to have some virtues, communitarian democracy introduces ethical dimensions into simple democracy. As republicanism requires citizens’ civic virtues and institutional arrangements against tyranny, republican democracy introduces civic virtue and separation of powers into simple democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E5. Five basic tensions among the qualified democratic theories and political philosophies\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p41\"\u003EWhat kind of democracy could provide the normative ideal of public philosophy? Several dilemmas exist in various proposals of qualified democracies above, including communitarian and republican democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_5_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.1 Deliberative democracy vs. radical democracy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p42\"\u003EFirst, deliberative democracy conflicts with radical democracy, including agonistic democracy, and the two could be integrated into discursive democracy. The fundamental opposition is “consensual discussion vs. conflictual discussion.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_6_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.2 Associative democracy vs. French republicanism\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p43\"\u003ESecondly, associative democracy is opposed to a version of republican democracy, namely, the French republican model. French republicanism has some characteristics different from republicanism in other areas, including the United States. It historically rests on a negation of the intermediary bodies of the feudal society, as it took place in the French Revolution process. It is constructed on the dichotomy of “individuals\u002Fthe state,” disregarding various intermediary groups or associations between the two.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_7_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.3 Liberalism vs. democracy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p44\"\u003EThirdly, there is an internal tension between liberalism and democracy within liberal democracy. About abstract values or ideas, liberty (or liberal rights) is a matter of the highest priority for liberalism, while equality (or equal participation) is the top priority for democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_8_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.4 Communitarianism and democracy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p45\"\u003EFourthly, as was discussed, some tension exists between communitarianism and democracy. The essential axis of opposition is their attitudes toward perfectionist ideas such as virtue and morality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_9_2\" data-lvl=\"2\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"heading section-title\"\u003E5.5 Republicanism and democracy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p46\"\u003EFifthly, also as was discussed, there is tension between republicanism and democracy. The main issues of difference are the following two points: 1) the republican requirement of civic virtue and the ideal of publicness, and 2) the republican institutional arrangements against the defect of crude majoritarian rule. Sandel’s republican democracy represents the former element, while Pettit’s contestatory democracy corresponds to the latter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p47\"\u003EIf formal democracy is sufficient, there is no need to be bothered by these annoying issues. However, it is necessary to tackle these dilemmas to realize substantive democracy beyond the limits of formal democracy. It is not at all easy to give solutions to these.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_11\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E6. Neo-dialectical movement of democracy: Maruyama’s insight on many and the individual\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p48\"\u003EIt would be helpful to recall Maruyama’s important insight here. Maruyama acknowledged that it was impossible to attain the perfect democracy and that democracy is inevitably an unfinished project. The underlying reason is as follows: By definition, in a democracy, the people governing are identical with the people governed. However, people in power are, in reality, the minority, while the governed are usually the majority. Therefore, there is always tension between the ideal of democracy and its reality: the tension between the many and the individual or between the majority and minority in the political community. As a result, there is always the danger that “people” articulated as a whole can easily be identified with the state or the leader. Democracy embraces both the vertical dimension between power and people and the horizontal dimension between the many and the individual. Consequently, the supposition of democracy comprises the dual structure of verticality and horizontality, theorized as the contract of government and the social contract in the social contract theories. Consequently, democracy is never completed, and it should be dynamically evolving toward its ideal, namely, the identity between the governing and the governed. Maruyama expressed this with the phrase “democracy as perpetual revolution” or movement [\u003Ca href=\"#B12\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p49\"\u003EThe first opposition above is closely associated with this insight. The consensual model assumes the possibility of reaching agreements by ideal discussion based on reason: the consensus within the whole. In contrast, theorists supporting the conflictual model do not believe in the realization of the possibility, and they suppose that there are always different opinions and confrontations within a political community: schism between the many and the individual.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p50\"\u003EOn the one hand, Maruyama acknowledged that there is always a gap between many (the governed) and the individuals (governing), and he shared, with theorists of radical democracy, the insight that protests and conflicts are inevitable. On the other hand, he shared, with theorists for deliberative democracy, the vision that the ideal of democracy is the realization of consensus by discussion, namely, the unity between many and individuals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p51\"\u003EAccordingly, Maruyama’s view on democracy could be expressed as a dialectical synthesis between conflictive and consensual models, namely, deliberative democracy and radical democracy. The term dialectical synthesis tends to remind us of the static state of integration like Hegelian dialectics, but Maruyama’s view differs from this: he put forward the idea of democracy as a perpetual revolution. Thus, against Hegelian dialectics, the term “neo-dialectical movement or synthesization” is appropriate for expressing that perpetual dynamic process that never reaches the static state of perfection. Accordingly, Maruyama’s political theory of democracy can be termed “neo-dialectical democracy:” his vision of “democracy as perpetual revolution” can be re-formulated as a “neo-dialectical movement of democracy” or “neo-dialectical democracy of perpetual process for the synthetic ideal.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p52\"\u003EThe second tension between French republicanism and associative democracy is also associated with the opposition between many\u002Findividuals and parts\u002Fwhole. The former sticks to the dichotomy between individuals and the state, while the latter emphasizes the intermediary groups that could somehow mediate between parts and the whole. Associations do not necessarily enable us to reach the synthesis between parts and the whole, but they at least constitute some kind of mediation between the two. Such mediation can be regarded as one of the main functions of the neo-dialectical process. Mature Maruyama valued voluntary associations very highly, and his view at the stage was closer to associative democracy than the typical French republicanism: his view could be described as that of neo-dialectical democracy also concerning associations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p53\"\u003EThe opposition between parts and the whole almost equals the famous philosophical opposition between many and one in its substantive content. “Many” corresponds to the atomistic worldview, while “one” to the holistic worldview. Conflictual democracy corresponds to the former, and it can be characterized as the vision of “atomistic democracy;” consensual democracy corresponds to the latter, and it could be featured as a vision of “holistic democracy” typically seen in Rousseau’s idea of “general will,” although Habermas’ philosophy cannot be seen as a simple holistic theory. The idea of “neo-dialectical democracy” can be regarded as the neo-dialectical process of integration of atomistic democracy and holistic democracy (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F1\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1171003\u002F1751012640-440168976\u002Fmedia\u002FF1.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p54\"\u003EThe first two tensions (many\u002Findividuals or whole\u002Fparts).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p55\"\u003EThe third tension concerning liberal democracy is the opposition between liberty and equality. As Alexis de Tocqueville characterized democracy as the equalization of various conditions, such as politics, economy, society, and culture, democracy is undividedly associated with equality [\u003Ca href=\"#B33\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E33\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Liberty in liberalism, here, can be regarded as that escapes from the vertical hierarchies of power, while equality embodies the horizontal bonds of human relationships. Thus, this tension can be interpreted to be also related to that between the vertical dimension and the horizontal dimension in human relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p56\"\u003EMaruyama was both a prominent liberalist and representative democrat in his age, and he could be regarded as “a neo-dialectical liberal democrat,” because he was keenly aware of this tension, while many liberal democrats are not very conscious of this.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p57\"\u003EThus, the first three paradoxical tensions correspond to Maruyama’s conceptualization of the dialectical opposition between many and individuals along the horizontal and the vertical dimensions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_12\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E7. Multi-dimensional neo-dialectics of democracy: the horizontal, vertical, and elevational dimension\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p58\"\u003EThe other two tensions within democracy can also be interpreted as dialectical opposition, although these differ from the tension between many\u002Fparts and one\u002Fwhole.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p59\"\u003EThe fourth tension associated with communitarian democracy is the opposition between virtue and equality (or equal participation). There is an ethical or moral hierarchy inherent in perfectionism, and this is opposed to equality in that the former implies a kind of hierarchy, although it establishes itself within the moral sphere. Accordingly, this tension can be considered to be between the height dimension and the horizontal dimension in human relationships: the height dimension signifies a transcendent, spiritual, ethical, or virtuous dimension, and this can be expressed as the elevational dimension in an adjective form.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p60\"\u003EShigeru Nanbara, the mentor of Maruyama Masao, can be regarded as a pioneering Japanese communitarian and liberalist. Maruyama succeeded the communitarian element to some extent [\u003Ca href=\"#B34\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E34\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B35\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E35\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Consequently, Maruyama respected religious or spiritual values as one of the foundations of liberal democracy. Nanbara was a communitarian democrat, and Maruyama could be regarded as a liberal democrat with some communitarian element: this is associated with delicate tension in political theory, and Maruyama, without doubt, was well aware of this tension as will be made clear in the following section.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p61\"\u003EThe fifth tension concerning republican democracy, on the one hand, shares this opposition (between the elevational dimension and the horizontal dimension) with the fourth tension, because civic virtue for political participation is one of a spectrum of virtues that most communitarianians respect. Accordingly, this aspect of republicanism can be called “communitarian republicanism.” This is the heir of Greek democracy, and Michael Sandel’s political philosophy can be regarded as this type.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p62\"\u003EOn the other hand, the institutional arrangements against the defect of simple democracy are related to ideas of a kind of liberty against vertical authority and the tyranny of the majority. For example, contestatory democracy, propounded by Petitt, is associated with the idea of “liberty as non-domination.”: This idea was inspired by Quentin Skinner, who elucidated the republican history of ideas and formulated its core into the neo-Roman theory of free citizens and free states [\u003Ca href=\"#B36\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. Accordingly, this aspect of republicanism can be termed “non-domination republicanism,” while “liberal republicanism” principally signifies the modern institutional republicanism of separation of powers unrelated to virtues. Skinner’s neo-Roman republicanism and Pettit’s non-domination republicanism are the heirs of ancient Roman republicanism. As Pettit pointed to the communitarian character of freedom and the necessity of widespread civic virtue or widespread civility in his theory [\u003Ca href=\"#B26\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E26\u003C\u002Fa\u003E], this kind of republicanism contains both ethical and institutionally liberal moments. Nevertheless, its ethical moment is less or thinner than communitarian republicanism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p63\"\u003EAccordingly, the fifth tension is related to the dichotomy between the horizontal and elevational dimensions (communitarian republicanism) and vertical and a limited degree of elevational dimensions (non-domination republicanism).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p64\"\u003EMaruyama’s ideas contained conspicuously republican elements in his emphasis on political participation. Thus, he could be regarded as a republican democrat. Nevertheless, he is well-known as a representative liberalist after the Second World War. As he clearly recognized the tension between liberalism and democracy, his political theory seems to be a “neo-dialectical liberal democracy.” Therefore, his political theory is essentially “neo-dialectical republican liberal democracy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p65\"\u003ESo then, these five tensions are concerned with the opposition between different dimensions. The first three tensions are concerned with the horizontal and vertical dimensions, and the third, between liberty and equality, corresponds to the vertical and horizontal dimensions. The latter two are related to the opposition between virtue and equality, the former concerning the ethical dimension and the latter regarding the horizontal dimension. In sum, these are tensions among vertical, horizontal, and elevational dimensions (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Maruyama’s line of democratic theory would attempt to integrate these tensions neo-dialectically because these are all critical issues, so dismissing one side of each dilemma is impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F2\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1171003\u002F1751012640-440168976\u002Fmedia\u002FF2.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p66\"\u003EThe latter three tensions (along the three dimensions). Notes: Blue signifies dimensions and their most related political philosophies. Red signifies political theories and their locations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_13\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E8. Toward high-quality democracy: perpetual revolution for “Radical Spiritual Democracy”\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p67\"\u003EThe third tension between liberalism and democracy has been frequently discussed in political philosophy, although the popular political discourse often neglects this paradox in democracy. While the liberal respect of rights does not necessarily accompany democratic participation, the heated latter can menace the former. It is the well-known dichotomy of negative and positive liberty by Isaiah Berlin [\u003Ca href=\"#B37\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E37\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]: pursuing the latter may cause the infringement of liberty by the tyranny of the majority, exemplified in J.J. Rousseau’s idea of the general will.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p68\"\u003EThis paradoxical dichotomy concerns the inherent tension within liberal democracy, the orthodox public philosophy in the contemporary world. In contrast, the fourth and the fifth tensions are significantly related to the problem of the degeneration of democracy mentioned in the first section of this chapter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p69\"\u003EThe tension between democracy and communitarianism or republicanism is related to the contrast between quantity and quality: simple democracy depends on the will of the majority, which is measured by ascertaining the quantity, namely the number of people supporting a given issue, while communitarianism or republicanism awards a place of significant importance to ethical or moral virtue or spirituality, which is concerned with the quality of human character. Simple democratic theories, including participatory democracy and radical democracy, tend not to focus on the ethical or spiritual elements concerning human quality, while communitarian or republican theorists try to do so. In short, this is the tension between quantity and quality concerning people: while simple democracy relied on quantity, communitarianism and republicanism turned our attention to quality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p70\"\u003EAlthough Masao Maruyama was one of the leading liberal democrats in Japan at his age, he was sensitive to this issue, and he ended his most famous book \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003ENihon no Shisó\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (Japanese Thought) (1961) as follows: “what is seriously deficit and most required in the intellectual world in modern Japan is that radical spiritual aristocratic mentality is internally connected with radical democracy, is not it? There is a symbolic expression of such a world as ‘Karl Marx reads Friedlich Hőlderlin’ in the writing of Thomas Mann after the Second World War” [\u003Ca href=\"#B38\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#fn3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fn\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p71\"\u003EHis point here can be expressed as “radical spiritually aristocratic democracy,” namely, “radical spiritual democracy” or “radical aristocratic democracy.” Maruyama dared to use such a paradoxical expression of connecting a kind of aristocratic mentality with democracy to emphasize the importance of introducing spiritual or ethical elements into democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p72\"\u003EHis argument turns our eyes to the requirement of qualitative aspects for democracy by mentioning the spiritual or aristocratic mentality. In this sense, this can be regarded as a precedent for raising the question of the quality of democracy. Communitarian and republican thinkers today have put forward this line of argument.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p73\"\u003EThe purpose of such arguments as “radical spiritual democracy,” communitarian democracy, and republican democracy is to improve the quality of democracy lest democracy should deteriorate into mobocracy. Such a democracy as being of high quality can be called a “high-quality democracy.” This democracy can also be characterized as “(civic) virtuous democracy” or “(civic) ethical democracy” in the sense of democracy equipped with civic virtue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p74\"\u003EAlthough this could be proposed as an abstract ideal, it is challenging to attain it in practice and to maintain the high quality even once such a democracy is established. The reason is that the tension between quantity and quality is inevitable, because there is always an unavoidable qualitative difference in people’s respective spiritual or moral capacities as human beings. As democracy means the rule of \u003Cem\u003E\u003Citalic xmlns:mml=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1999\u002Fxlink\" xmlns:xsi=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2001\u002FXMLSchema-instance\"\u003Edemos\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, namely, the whole populace or people, it almost necessarily implies that people with various qualitative degrees of spiritual ability rule under the condition that all people have formally the same rights of votes, although there are enormous differences concerning the qualitative capacity of their character and knowledge or wisdom. Thus, the ideal of high-quality democracy cannot be perfectly attained and permanently maintained. There are various efforts or attempts at elevating the quality, as seen in some qualified notions of democracy, such as deliberative democracy and associative democracy. Some of these are undoubtedly effective to some extent, but it is, in principle, impossible to achieve the ideal completely and ever-lastingly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p75\"\u003EAccordingly, it is inevitable for us as human beings to pursue the unattainable ideal perpetually. Maruyama raised the idea of a “perpetual revolution of democracy” as a means of coping with the tension between parts and the whole, and this idea applies to the endless quest for high-quality democracy, because there must be differences among various parts within the whole. This aspect can be called a “perpetual revolution for high-quality democracy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p76\"\u003EThe tension between quantity and quality corresponds to the tension between the horizontal and elevational dimensions, and this permanent movement can be regarded as the neo-dialectical movement arising out of these two axes. The perpetual revolution for high-quality democracy is thus a neo-dialectical, ever-lasting movement or process toward radical spiritual democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_14\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003E9. Conclusion: democracy as multi-dimensional perpetual revolution\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p77\"\u003EConsequently, the neo-dialectical way of qualifying democracy is vital in the last two tensions concerning communitarian or republican democracy, as it is also significant in the first three tensions associated with the tension between many\u002Fparts and individuals\u002Fwhole. Maruyama himself introduced the concept of “democracy as perpetual revolution,” being conscious of the tension between many and individuals, namely along the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Moreover, he recognized another dilemma between horizontal and elevational dimensions. The recent development of theories on democracy points to the tensions concerning the elevational dimension. Accordingly, it would be desirable to apply Maruyama’s insight to all these tensions and to generalize it: his insight into democracy can be conceptualized as “neo-dialectical democracy,” and the extended version can be termed “multi-dimensional neo-dialectical democracy.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p78\"\u003EThere are three dimensions: 1. horizontal dimension concerning equality, 2. vertical dimension concerning government or liberty, and 3. elevational dimension concerning ethics and virtue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p79\"\u003EThe original neo-dialectical democracy in Maruyama’s idea, the perpetual revolution of democracy, signifies the endless dialectical democratic movement along the first two dimensions. Moreover, there are other kinds of neo-dialectical movements in democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p80\"\u003EThe first kind is the two-dimensional neo-dialectical democracy between the horizontal and vertical dimensions, corresponding to liberal democracy for equality and liberty. There is tension between liberalism and democracy: negative liberty and positive liberty, in other words, the rights of the minority and tyranny of the majority. This kind of neo-dialectical theory has much in common with the original Maruyama’s idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p81\"\u003EThe second kind is the two-dimensional neo-dialectical democracy between the horizontal and elevational dimensions, corresponding to communitarian republican democracy for equality and virtue. There is tension between democracy and communitarianism\u002Frepublicanism: equal participation and perfectionism, in other words, the political rights of all people and virtue\u002Fcivic virtue in the ethical hierarchy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p82\"\u003EThe third kind is the two-dimensional neo-dialectical between the vertical and elevational dimensions, corresponding to non-domination republicanism. In contemporary political philosophy, this tension can be seen in liberal perfectionism for liberty and virtue. There is tension between liberalism and perfectionism: state neutrality and virtue ethics, in other words, non-ethical state and virtue. Representative theorists like Joseph Raz try to accommodate the two by limiting the concerning virtue only to autonomy [\u003Ca href=\"#B39\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"bibr\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fa\u003E].\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p83\"\u003EAlthough meeting the two elements in the three tensions is challenging, there should be a neo-dialectical endeavor to balance or integrate them. These movements constitute the three-dimensional neo-dialectical democracy between the horizontal, vertical, and elevational dimensions. This democracy integrates liberal democracy, liberal perfectionism, and communitarian\u002Frepublican democracy. As communitarian republicanism are perfectionist political theories, the integral democracy can be termed as liberal communitarian republican democracy: it is for equality, liberty, and virtue. Accordingly, the three-dimensionally neo-dialectical quest is required for democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p84\"\u003EIn sum, the paradox of democracy discussed in this chapter is three-dimensional. The initial Maruyama’s idea, the perpetual revolution of democracy, is two-dimensional; this chapter enlarged the idea into the three-dimensional “perpetual revolution of democracy,” turning into the three-dimensional neo-dialectical movement of democracy. Its fundamental ideas are horizontal equality, vertical liberty, and ethical virtue. Consequently, a new political theory of democracy, namely, the multi-dimensional neo-dialectical democratic theory, emerges (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cfigure class=\"media-panel\" id=\"F3\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"media\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1171003\u002F1751012640-440168976\u002Fmedia\u002FF3.png\" class=\"figure-link\" alt=\"\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cfigcaption class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Ch4\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p85\"\u003EMulti-dimensional Neo-dialectical democracy. Note: See the note in \u003Ca href=\"#F2\" class=\"ref-link\" data-ref-style=\"fig\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In addition, the black and pink arrows signify the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional integration, respectively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigcaption\u003E\u003C\u002Ffigure\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p86\"\u003EDemocracy is undoubtedly the most firmly established public philosophy in politics. However, many theorists acknowledged that formal democracy is insufficient, and some proposed various forms of qualified democracy for attaining substantive democracy, as was mentioned above. Most proposals are meaningful, but each grasps some aspects of desirable democracy. Moreover, several dilemmas or paradoxes exist within the various versions of qualified democracy in political theory and philosophy. Democracy should overcome the multi-dimensional contradictions, and the process must be “democracy as multi-dimensional perpetual revolution.” This eternal movement is the vision of the multi-dimensionally neo-dialectical democracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"section\" id=\"sec_15\" data-lvl=\"1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"heading main-title\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\u003Cp id=\"p87\"\u003EI am grateful to the Japanese-German Center Berlin for arranging the international conference mentioned in note 1. I also thank for the assistance of Hirotaka Ishikawa (graduate student of the Graduate School of Humanities and Studies on Public Affairs, Chiba University) regarding the works on the figures and references of this chapter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n","keywords":"political philosophy,public philosophy,communitarianism,republicanism,Masao Maruyama","chapterPDFUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsoBQAS\u002Fa093Y00001gKuk1QAC\u002FFinal-Democracy%20as%20a%20Perpetual%20Revolution%3A%20New%20Political%20%282024-03-23%2001%3A30%3A36%29.pdf","chapterXML":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsoBQAS\u002Fa093Y00001gKuk1QAC\u002FFinal%20%28xml%29-Democracy%20as%20a%20Perpetual%20Revolution%20New%20Political%20%282025-06-27%2010%3A23%3A03%29.xml","webChapterXML":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-chapter-xmls\u002Fxmls-chapter\u002F1171003\u002F1751012640-440168976\u002F","downloadPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-download\u002F1171003","previewPdfUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fpdf-preview\u002F1171003","cdnMediaBaseUrl":"s3:\u002F\u002Fintech-cdn\u002Fmedia\u002Fchapter\u002F1171003\u002F1751012640-440168976\u002F","totalDownloads":95,"totalViews":582,"totalCrossrefCites":0,"totalDimensionsCites":0,"dateSubmitted":"September 18th 2023","dateReviewed":"October 20th 2023","datePrePublished":"November 28th 2023","datePublished":"April 10th 2024","dateFinished":null,"readingETA":"0","abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThis chapter examines essential paradoxes of contemporary democratic theories to overcome the present impasse of politics, such as populism, pseudo-democracy, and neo-authoritarianism. As simple democratic theory is impossible to deal with the dilemma, there is various “qualified democracy,” including participatory democracy, deliberative democracy, discursive democracy, radical democracy, agonistic democracy, contestatory democracy, and associative democracy. However, these attempts and related political philosophies contain the following tensions: (1) Deliberative democracy vs. Radial democracy, (2) Associative democracy vs. French-type Republicanism, (3) Liberalism vs. Democracy, (4) Communitarianism vs. Democracy, (5) Republicanism vs. Democracy. In order to cope with these dilemmas, this chapter will propose a new political theory, developing a democratic theory by Masao Maruyama, the most influential post-war Japanese political theorist. His idea of a “perpetual revolution of democracy” is based on the dilemma between many\u002Findividual or parts\u002Fwhole along the horizontal\u002Fvertical dimension within sovereign people. This chapter will re-formulate this idea as a multi-dimensional neo-dialectical democratic theory for perpetual revolution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","reviewType":"peer-reviewed","bibtexUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fbibtex\u002F1171003","risUrl":"\u002Fchapter\u002Fris\u002F1171003","signatures":"Masaya Kobayashi","isPublished":true,"isOnlineFirst":false,"isDeactivated":0,"isDeactivated2":0,"noAds":0,"licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","copyright":"© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen.","deactCorrection":null,"subseries":null,"book":{"id":"1003137","type":"book","title":"Democracy - Crises and Changes Across the Globe","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Democracy - Crises and Changes Across the Globe","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"April 10th 2024","bookSignature":"Helder Ferreira do Vale","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsoBQAS\u002F0015041_TrikoderCover%20%282023-01-13%2008%3A17%3A12%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1713449501-1822175106\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1713449501-1822175106\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1721026829-222648668\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1721026829-222648668\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1732949923-2116541628\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1732949923-2116541628\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-178-7","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-179-4","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-180-0","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"456228","title":"Dr.","name":"Helder","middleName":null,"surname":"Ferreira do Vale","slug":"helder-ferreira-do-vale","fullName":"Helder Ferreira do Vale"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"authors":[{"id":"561920","title":"Prof.","name":"Masaya","middleName":null,"surname":"Kobayashi","fullName":"Masaya Kobayashi","slug":"masaya-kobayashi","email":"masaya_kobayashi@nifty.com","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F561920\u002F1739778689\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","institution":{"name":"Chiba University","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Japan"}},"tags":null}],"sections":[{"id":"sec_1","title":"1. Introduction: popularity and crisis of democracy as a public philosophy","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_2","title":"2. From formal democracy to substantive democracy","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_3","title":"3. Democracies qualified by attributes in political theories","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_4","title":"4. Dialectical tensions in political philosophies: liberal, communitarian, and republican democracy","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_5","title":"5. Five basic tensions among the qualified democratic theories and political philosophies","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_5_2","title":"5.1 Deliberative democracy vs. radical democracy","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_6_2","title":"5.2 Associative democracy vs. French republicanism","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_7_2","title":"5.3 Liberalism vs. democracy","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_8_2","title":"5.4 Communitarianism and democracy","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_9_2","title":"5.5 Republicanism and democracy","level":"2"},{"id":"sec_11","title":"6. Neo-dialectical movement of democracy: Maruyama’s insight on many and the individual","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_12","title":"7. Multi-dimensional neo-dialectics of democracy: the horizontal, vertical, and elevational dimension","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_13","title":"8. Toward high-quality democracy: perpetual revolution for “Radical Spiritual Democracy”","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_14","title":"9. Conclusion: democracy as multi-dimensional perpetual revolution","level":"1"},{"id":"sec_15","title":"Acknowledgments","level":"1"}],"chapterReferences":[{"id":"B1","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EYamawaki N. Glocal Public Philosophy: Toward Peaceful and Just Societies in the Age of Globalization. Zurich: Lit Verlag; 2016\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B2","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EHuntington SP. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. 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Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publications; 2006\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B9","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B9\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"journal\"\u003ELevitsky S, Way LA. The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy. 2002;\u003Cbold\u003E3\u003C\u002Fbold\u003E(2):51-65\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B10","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B10\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ELevitsky S, Way LA. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B11","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B11\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKersten R. Maruyama Masao (1914-96). London: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy; 2001\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B12","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B12\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMaruyama M. In: Morris I, editor. Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics. London: Acls History E-book project; 2008\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B13","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B13\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMaruyama M. Studies in Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2016. Translated by Mikiso Hane\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B14","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B14\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ERousseau J-J. The Social Contract. New York: Free Press; 1970\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B15","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B15\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EPateman C. 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Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 1997. pp. 67-92\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B19","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B19\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EFishkin JS. Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1993\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B20","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B20\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EAckerman B, Fishkin JS, editors. Deliberation Day. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2005\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B21","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B21\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EDryzek JS. Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in a Divided World. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2006\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B22","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B22\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EDryzek JS. Discursive Democracy: Politics Policy and Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B23","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B23\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMouffe C. The Return of the Political (Radical Thinkers). London\u002FNew York: Verso Books; 2006\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B24","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B24\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EConnolly WE. Pluralism. Durham: Duke University Press; 2005\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B25","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B25\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EConnolly WE. Identity\u002FDifference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox. London: University of Minnesota Press; 2002\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B26","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EPettit P. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1997\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B27","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"other\"\u003EHirst PQ. Associative Democracy: New Forms of Economic and Social Governance. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishers; 1994\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B28","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B28\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EArendt H. The Human Condition. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1998\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B29","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B29\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EHabermas J. The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 1.2. Cambridge: Polity; 1991\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B30","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B30\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESandel MJ. Liberalism and the Limit of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1982\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B31","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B31\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMulhall S, Swift A, editors. Liberals and Communitarians. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 1996\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B32","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B32\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESandel MJ. Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 1996\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B33","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B33\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003Ede Tocqueville A. Democracy in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002. Edited and translated by H. C. Mansfield and D. Winthrop\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B34","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B34\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMinear RH. War and Conscience in Japan: Nambara Shigeru and the Asia-Pacific War. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc; 2010\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B35","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B35\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EKobayashi M, editor. Maruyama Masao Ron: Shutaiteki Sakui Fashizumu Shimin Shakai (Discussing Maruyama Masao: Subjective Invention, Fascism, and Civil Society). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press; 2003\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B36","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B36\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ESkinner Q. Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B37","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B37\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EIsaiah Berlin. Liberty. In: Hardy H, editor. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B38","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B38\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003EMasao M. Japanese Thought. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten; 1961. pp. 179-180\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"},{"id":"B39","body":"\u003Cref id=\"B39\"\u003E\u003Cmixed-citation publication-type=\"book\"\u003ERaz J. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988\u003C\u002Fmixed-citation\u003E\u003C\u002Fref\u003E"}],"footnotes":[{"id":"fn1","explanation":"This chapter originates from a conference paper \"Neo-Dialectical Democracy as the Perpetual Revolution: From Qualified Democracies to High Quality Democracy,\" in November 28, 2007 at Berlin, Germany-Japan conference \"Aspects of Democracy: Toward Solutions for twenty-first century Developments.\"","html":null},{"id":"fn2","explanation":"See Ref. [11] as a biographical explanation. His translated works are Refs. [12, 13].","html":null},{"id":"fn3","explanation":"Translation is mine.","html":null}],"contributors":[{"corresp":"yes","contributorFullName":"Masaya Kobayashi","address":"masaya_kobayashi@nifty.com","affiliation":"\u003Cul class=\"list\"\u003E\u003Cli\u003EChiba University, Chiba, Japan\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","equal":null}],"corrections":null},"book":{"id":"1003137","type":"book","title":"Democracy - Crises and Changes Across the Globe","subtitle":null,"fullTitle":"Democracy - Crises and Changes Across the Globe","slug":null,"isPublished":true,"publishedDate":"April 10th 2024","bookSignature":"Helder Ferreira do Vale","coverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fintech-files.s3.amazonaws.com\u002Fa043Y00000zFsoBQAS\u002F0015041_TrikoderCover%20%282023-01-13%2008%3A17%3A12%29.jpg","cdnCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1713449501-1822175106\u002Fcover.jpg","cdnCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1713449501-1822175106\u002Fcover-300.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1721026829-222648668\u002Fweb-cover.jpg","cdnWebCoverURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1721026829-222648668\u002Fweb-cover-300.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1732949923-2116541628\u002Fcover-text.jpg","cdnCoverWithTextURL300":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fbooks\u002F1003137\u002F1732949923-2116541628\u002Fcover-text-300.jpg","licenceType":"CC BY 3.0","editedByType":null,"isbn":"978-0-85466-178-7","printIsbn":"978-0-85466-179-4","pdfIsbn":"978-0-85466-180-0","isAvailableForWebshopOrdering":true,"isDeactivated":false,"kuFlag":false,"noAdsSub":0,"editors":[{"id":"456228","title":"Dr.","name":"Helder","middleName":null,"surname":"Ferreira do Vale","slug":"helder-ferreira-do-vale","fullName":"Helder Ferreira do Vale"}],"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume","chapterContentType":"chapter","authoredCaption":"Edited by"}},"subsereis":null,"subseries":null},"profile":{"item":{"id":"595524","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Vladimir","middleName":null,"surname":"Rendevski","email":"vladimirrendevski@yahoo.com","fullName":"Vladimir Rendevski","slug":"vladimir-rendevski","position":null,"biography":"Born in 1979 in Bitola, where he completed primary and secondary education. More significant successes from that period: 3 times 3rd place at the national competitions in physics and student of the generation of 1994.\nIn 1998 enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine – Skopje, and graduated from it (MD) in 2004, with an average grade of 9.34. In 2010 completed specialization in neurosurgery at the Clinic for Neurosurgery-Skopje, in 2015. becomes a Master of Medical Sciences (MSc) at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje with an average of 9.75, and in 2018 doctor of medical sciences (PhD) at the Faculty of Medicine in Nis, Serbia, with a grade of 10.00.\nHe started his work engagement in 2005. as a junior assistant in surgery at the Medical School in Bitola, and from 2006-2012. continues to work at the Clinical Hospital in Bitola at the neurosurgery department. Since 2012 is employed at PHI University Clinic for Neurosurgery in Skopje, where he still works today.\nIn 2016 was selected as an assistant, and in 2019 in the teaching title of assistant professor, in the subjects of surgery and neurosurgery at the Department of Surgery at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje.\nFrom 2017 - 2022 is the director of the University Clinic for Neurosurgery in Skopje.\nIn the period 2022 - 2023 was elected Deputy Minister of Health in the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia.\nFrom 2023 continues his work in the parent institution PHI UC for neurosurgery Skopje, in the position of Head of the Departments for operating rooms and intensive care and President of the committee for intrahospital infections.\nHe is the head of a scientific research team, in which the parameters influencing the prediction of edema, early mortality and outcome in patients with hemorrhagic stroke are processed.\nIn 2015 and 2016, completed a 2-months course at the Neurosurgery Clinic at Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty in Istanbul, Turkey on: Endoscopic Trans nasal Approach in the Treatment of Pituitary Tumors.\nHead of a multidisciplinary scientific-research team, in which plasma biomarkers are studied, based on which mathematical formulas were developed for the prognosis of brain edema volume and clinical outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Author and co-author of 105 scientific papers and 2 book chapters\nHe participates in numerous congresses, conferences, symposiums and workshops in the field of medicine, where he is the recipient of several international and national awards and recognitions:\n• 1 prize at the 62nd international congress of neurology and psychiatry, \"Mind and brain\", Pula, Croatia (2023);\n• 2nd prize at the 59th International Congress of Neurology and Psychiatry, \"Mind and brain\", Pula, Croatia. (2019);\n• award for the best scientific paper for a young neurosurgeon, awarded by the European Association of Neurosurgery (EANS) and the Society of South-Eastern European Neurosurgeons (SeENS), at the 5th International Neurosurgery Summit, in Kragujevac, Serbia. (2019);\n• recognition for the highest ranking scientific research paper in the field of medicine for 2022, awarded by the Macedonian Medical Association (MLD), (2023);\n• 13th November award of the City of Skopje from the field of health for 2021, for the successfully performed first operation in R. S. Macedonia: implantation of a Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS), in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (together with a group of the operative team) (2022);\n• 4th November of the municipality of Bitola for 2020. from the field of health (2021);\n• winner of the 26th International Medical Student Scientific Conference in Ohrid (2003);","institutionString":"Medical Faculty Skopje, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, North Macedonia","cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F595524\u002F1720455576\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","totalCites":0,"totalChapterViews":"0","outsideEditionCount":null,"totalAuthoredChapters":"1","totalEditedBooks":"0","personalWebsiteUrl":null,"twitterURL":null,"linkedinURL":null,"institution":null},"booksEdited":[],"chaptersAuthored":[{"id":"1179138","title":"The Role of Glutamate in Pathogenesis of Brain Edema in Intracerebral Hemorrhage","slug":null,"abstract":"\u003Cp id=\"p1\"\u003EThis chapter is dedicated to the impressing molecule of glutamamte—both an amino acid and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The chapter focuses scientific on review of our work in the past decade, stressing the role of glutamate excitotoxicity as significant and sensitive biomarker for quantification of the volume of brain edema in intracerebral hemorrhage, which is important in the trajectory of clinical deterioration. We explain several developed mathematical models based on multiple regression analysis for the purposes of prognostication and potential clinical implications. These mathematical models can contribute to clinical decision making and resolving the dilemma between conservative and operative treatment in patients with hemorrhagic stroke, especially in the first 4–5 days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n","signatures":"Vladimir Rendevski and Boris Aleksovski","isPublished":false,"isOnlineFirst":true,"isDeactivated":0,"authors":[{"id":"574842","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Boris","surname":"Aleksovski","fullName":"Boris Aleksovski","slug":"boris-aleksovski","email":"borisaleksovskian@yahoo.com"},{"id":"595524","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Vladimir","surname":"Rendevski","fullName":"Vladimir Rendevski","slug":"vladimir-rendevski","email":"vladimirrendevski@yahoo.com"}],"book":{"id":"1003501","title":"Two Sides of the Same Coin – Neurotransmitters in Health and Disease","slug":null,"productType":{"id":"1","title":"Edited Volume"}}}],"collaborators":[{"id":"31988","title":"Prof.","name":"Kaneez","surname":"Fatima-Shad","slug":"kaneez-fatima-shad","fullName":"Kaneez Fatima-Shad","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F31988\u002F1755779516\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Kaneez Fatima Shad is an accomplished neuroscientist with over 35 years of teaching and research experience across Australia, the USA, UAE, Bahrain, Pakistan, and Brunei. She earned her PhD from UNSW, completed a postdoc in the USA, and held senior academic roles at institutions worldwide. Currently based in Sydney, she is a Professor of Neuroscience and a visiting professor at UTS, UNSW, ACU, and Notre Dame. She has received over $3.6 million in research funding and published extensively. Her work focuses on peripheral biomarkers for brain disorders, early stroke diagnosis, and supervision of thirty-five postgraduate students. Professor Shad is active in global neuroscience communities and serves as a regional representative and mentor for World Women in Neuroscience.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Technology Sydney","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Australia"}}},{"id":"495876","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Carmen","surname":"Jimenez- Espinoza","slug":"carmen-jimenez-espinoza","fullName":"Carmen Jimenez- Espinoza","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F495876\u002F1734681549\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Carmen Jiménez, Ph.D., is researching in the Department of Physiology, La Laguna University College of Medicine, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. Neurochemist and Neuroimage’s laboratory engages in multidisciplinary research to elucidate organizational principles of neural systems in the brain, specifically the limbic system. His research has been directed at understanding brain mechanisms of information processing and their relation to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders specifically autism spectrum disorders. Dr. Jiménez studied Chemist at the Rodolfo Loero Arismendi-University, Caracas, Venezuela. His studies of the brain started during his Biomedicine M.S. thesis work at the La Laguna University, Physiology Department, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. Subsequently, he completed a Ph.D. in Biomedical Sciences at La Laguna University, Spain including two years at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. \nAfter graduating, she became a Research Associate until today at the Neurochemist and Neuroimage laboratory of La Laguna University College of Medicine, and a Full Member of the International Society for Autism Research, Kansas City, USA.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of La Laguna","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Spain"}}},{"id":"563452","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Javeria","surname":"Tanveer","slug":"javeria-tanveer","fullName":"Javeria Tanveer","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":"Jinnah University for Women Karachi, Pakistan","institution":null},{"id":"571885","title":"Prof.","name":"José","surname":"González-Mora","slug":"jose-gonzalez-mora","fullName":"José González-Mora","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of La Laguna","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Spain"}}},{"id":"571886","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Francisco","surname":"Marcano Serrano","slug":"francisco-marcano-serrano","fullName":"Francisco Marcano Serrano","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of La Laguna","institutionURL":null,"country":{"name":"Spain"}}},{"id":"574842","title":"M.Sc.","name":"Boris","surname":"Aleksovski","slug":"boris-aleksovski","fullName":"Boris Aleksovski","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"574884","title":"Assistant Prof.","name":"Andreia","surname":"Mortensen","slug":"andreia-mortensen","fullName":"Andreia Mortensen","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":null},{"id":"575123","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Katelyn","surname":"Reeb","slug":"katelyn-reeb","fullName":"Katelyn Reeb","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":"Drexel University College of Medicine","institution":null},{"id":"575124","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Rhea","surname":"Temmermand","slug":"rhea-temmermand","fullName":"Rhea Temmermand","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":"Drexel University College of Medicine","institution":null},{"id":"575125","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Simran","surname":"Gill","slug":"simran-gill","fullName":"Simran Gill","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":null,"biography":null,"institutionString":"Drexel University College of Medicine","institution":null}]},"generic":{"page":{"slug":"WIS-cost","title":"What Does It Cost?","intro":"\u003Cp\u003EOpen Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","metaTitle":"What Does It Cost?","metaDescription":"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.","metaKeywords":null,"canonicalURL":null,"contentRaw":"[{\"type\":\"htmlEditorComponent\",\"content\":\"\u003Cp\u003EWe are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. 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She served as an American Council on Education Fellow at Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, USA. She has authored many articles on civic engagement and service learning. In addition to these publications, she is also the editor and author of Treating Young Veterans, a book on ways to serve the veteran community. She is a former Viret Fellow and Fahs Beck Fellow, in which she explored the social components of the civil rights era and the influence of these components on civic engagement. She earned her BA in Journalism from Temple University, PA, USA, and her MSW and Ph.D. from Fordham University, NY, USA. Dr. Kelly serves on the board of the Child Care Council of Westchester, NY, USA, for which she leads the Board Development Committee.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Adelphi University","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"137858","title":"Dr.","name":"Seth","middleName":null,"surname":"Appiah-Opoku","slug":"seth-appiah-opoku","fullName":"Seth Appiah-Opoku","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F137858\u002F1750922519\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Appiah-Opoku is a Professor of Geography at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA. He teaches Urban Planning and Analysis, Land Use Regulation, World Regional Geography, and a field studies course in Africa. He teaches at both the undergraduate and graduate levels and has served on several thesis and dissertation committees. He is the author of two books and has edited five others. His research focuses on environmental assessment, transportation planning, urban and regional planning, biodiversity conservation and ecotourism, environmental risk assessment, natural resource conservation, indigenous ecological knowledge, and international development. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners and has officially contributed questions to the AICP exam. He has served on the international editorial board of the Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment since 2003 and has published scholarly articles in several renowned journals, including Habitat International, Transport Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Journal of Transport and Health, Journal of Sustainable Development, Environmental Management, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Journal of Cultural Geography, and Plan Canada. He served on the Technical Advisory Team that advised the government of Ghana on the preparation of a 40-year development plan for the country in 2015.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"586695","title":"Mr.","name":"Mário","middleName":null,"surname":"Fernandes","slug":"mario-fernandes","fullName":"Mário Fernandes","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F586695\u002F1728892124\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"José Mário Cabral Fernandes has a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Madeira (UMa) and is currently a master’s student at the Faculty of Economics (FEP) of the University of Porto. Regarding his scientific production, his main areas of research have been environmental sustainability, public and territorial management, and sustainable development.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Porto","country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},{"id":"570903","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Cuauhtemoc","middleName":"Ramirez","surname":"Zamora","slug":"cuauhtemoc-zamora","fullName":"Cuauhtemoc Ramirez Zamora","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F570903\u002F1739794681\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"HIGHER EDUCATION\n\t\tInstitution:\tUniversidad de Colima (Mexico).\nCareer: \tTourism Management Administration.\n\t\tAddress: \tJosefa Ortiz de Domínguez # 64, V. De A. México.\n\t\tPeriod: \t 2007-2011\n Certificate: 051248\n\nMASTER\n\t\tInstitution:\tCanary Study Center (Spain).\nCareer: \tEconomics and Sustainability.\n\t\tAddress: \tTenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.\n\t\tPeriod: \t2011-2012\n Certificate: U45584221E66\n \nDOCTORATE (Ph.D.)\n\t\tInstitution:\tUniversidad de Colima (Mexico).\n Program: Economy in the Pacific Rim\n\t\tAddress:\tAv. Universidad # 333, México.\n\t\tPeriod:\t 2013-2017\n Certificate: 064531UCO3","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Colima","country":{"name":"Mexico"}}},{"id":"627670","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Loredana","middleName":null,"surname":"Manasia","slug":"loredana-manasia","fullName":"Loredana Manasia","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F627670\u002F1753965995\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Polytechnic University of Bucharest","country":{"name":"Romania"}}},{"id":"323870","title":"Emeritus Prof.","name":"Gary","middleName":null,"surname":"Yohe","slug":"gary-yohe","fullName":"Gary Yohe","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F323870\u002F1737539714\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Gary Yohe holds a BS degree in mathematics from the University of Pennsylvania and a PhD in economics from Yale University. Since turning his attention to climate change in 1981, he has contributed 10 books, 175+ research articles, and 75+ opinions to our understanding of climate risk and humanity’s response options. He served as a senior member of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change from 1995 through 2018 and shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. He was the Vice Chair of the 2014 Third National Climate Assessment for President Barack Obama and a charter member of the New York City Panel on Climate Change for Mayor Michael Bloomberg. He continues to serve as Co-editor-in-Chief of Climatic Change.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Wesleyan University","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"452331","title":"Prof.","name":"Brian","middleName":"William","surname":"Sloboda","slug":"brian-sloboda","fullName":"Brian William Sloboda","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F452331\u002F1749536704\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Brian W. Sloboda is an economist at the U.S. Department of Labor and a faculty member at the University of Maryland, Global Campus, where he teaches economics and finance. He also teaches at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C. His research focuses on regional economics, economic growth, and labor economics, with avocational research interests in finance and presidential election forecasting models. He serves as a committee member of the Federal Forecasters Consortium (FFC), a board member of the Pennsylvania Economics Association, and a member of the editorial board of the Pennsylvania Economic Review. Dr. Sloboda is the former president of the Society of Government Economists (SGE) and is now its executive director. He is currently an assistant editor for the Journal of Economics and a senior social science editor for the European Scientific Journal. Additionally, he serves as a book review editor for the Review of Regional Studies.","institutionString":"University of Maryland, Global Campus","institution":null},{"id":"422754","title":"Dr.","name":"Hany","middleName":"M.","surname":"Almotairy","slug":"hany-almotairy","fullName":"Hany M. Almotairy","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F422754\u002F1734030929\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"I have experience as an environmental researcher specializing in sustainable agriculture since 2014 and the integration of environmental bacteriology and technology for over four years; I possess expertise in assessing environmental pollutant risks and addressing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. My dedication to environmental sustainability is reflected in my strong knowledge of sustainable agricultural systems and animal feed risk assessment, backed by two years as an environmental and animal feed consultant. I am proficient in International Sustainability Reporting (GRI standards) and am committed to promoting environmental sustainability in Saudi Arabia by advocating for eco-friendly agricultural systems and a circular economy. My professional roles include serving as a Senior Risk Assessment Expert at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Assistant Research Professor at King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), and Assistant Researcher at the Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture (MEWA), focusing on food safety, biosecurity, and animal health. Academically, I hold a Ph.D. in Environmental Science from the University of Arizona and a Master’s in Animal Production from King Saud University. I bring skills in designing sustainable agricultural systems, evaluating environmental pollutants, and developing biosecurity programs in intensive animal farming systems. My achievements include leading a research project on sustainable aquaculture, publishing in reputable journals, and receiving academic scholarships and awards for my research contributions. I am pursuing GRI Audit for Sustainable Reporting and ISO 14001 certifications to drive positive environmental change.","institutionString":"Senior Risk Assessment Expert at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority","institution":null},{"id":"191607","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Anca Corina","middleName":null,"surname":"Fărcaş","slug":"anca-corina-farcas","fullName":"Anca Corina Fărcaş","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F191607\u002F1750743233\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Anca Corina Fărcaș holds a Ph.D. in Biotechnology and is currently an associate professor and researcher in the Department of Food Science at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Her research is centered on the sustainable valorization of agro-industrial by-products, with a strong focus on the recovery of bioactive compounds and the development of eco-innovative food ingredients and materials. She has led and contributed to numerous projects addressing circular economy strategies in the agri-food sector, aiming to reduce waste, enhance resource efficiency, and support low-impact food processing technologies. Her interdisciplinary work bridges biochemistry, food safety, and environmental responsibility, with a particular emphasis on integrating scientific research into practical, scalable solutions for managing agricultural and food waste. Through both academic and applied initiatives, she promotes sustainable practices that align with current global goals for food security, climate resilience, and the zero-waste concept.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca","country":{"name":"Romania"}}},{"id":"158026","title":"Prof.","name":"Shailendra K.","middleName":null,"surname":"Saxena","slug":"shailendra-k.-saxena","fullName":"Shailendra K. Saxena","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F158026\u002F1755000679\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a globally recognized biomedical scientist, currently serving as Vice Dean and distinguished Professor & Head at King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India. With a distinguished career in biomedical sciences, and molecular & translational medicine, Prof. Saxena has significantly contributed to the global understanding of viral infections and their neurological consequences. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV & neuroAIDS, COVID-19, and its variants such as Omicron, as well as other emerging viruses and virus-induced neurological disorders as models via stem cell\u002Fcell culture technologies and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them. Internationally acclaimed for his pioneering efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic, Prof. Saxena authored the world’s first book on COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics, offering one of the earliest comprehensive overviews of the novel coronavirus. He further led the global scientific community by providing the world’s first detailed characterization of the Omicron variant, identifying 32 key mutations in its spike glycoprotein and analyzing its increased transmissibility, immune evasion potential, and rapid global spread. His comparative study of Omicron and Delta variants provided critical insights that informed international health policies and vaccine strategies. Beyond laboratory science, Prof. Saxena has also made notable contributions through epidemiological studies assessing the burden, transmission, and long-term neurological effects of viral diseases, thereby influencing public health responses, particularly in resource-constrained settings. His interest in integrative health has also led to key contributions in the field of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), where he has explored traditional and herbal therapeutics for managing viral infections and enhancing immune responses. By scientifically validating CAM-based approaches alongside conventional medicine, Prof. Saxena advocates for evidence-based integration of traditional knowledge into modern healthcare systems, promoting holistic and accessible treatment strategies, especially in low- and middle-income countries. His research outputs have been published in some of the world’s most prestigious journals, including Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine, American Chemical Society journals, and Journal of Medical Virology, earning several thousands of citations and reinforcing his status as a leading voice in biomedical research. Recognized for his mentorship and advocacy of interdisciplinary collaboration, he actively nurtures early-career scientists across borders and promotes global partnerships in infectious disease research. His work not only advances academic knowledge but also addresses real-world health challenges, particularly those affecting vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries. Prof. Saxena's contributions have had a transformative impact on the fields of biomedical sciences, and translational medicine, positioning him as a key figure in the international biomedical community. His ability to link cutting-edge science with practical healthcare solutions has made him a valuable contributor to global health security, especially in the face of pandemics and emerging infectious threats. With a vision rooted in scientific excellence and societal impact, Prof. Shailendra Saxena continues to shape the future of global health through innovation, collaboration, and an unwavering commitment to addressing some of the most urgent medical challenges of our time. Overall, Prof. Saxena's work embodies a blend of academic rigor and practical application, aimed at addressing pressing health issues.\n\nHe has received many awards and honours in India and abroad, including various Young Scientist Awards, the BBSRC (UK)-India Partnering Award, and the Dr. JC Bose National Award of the Department of Biotechnology from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of India. Dr. Saxena is a Fellow of various prestigious international societies\u002Facademies, including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria.\n\nHe was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader\u002Fexpert on the vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK). He has been recognized among the 'World's Top 2% Scientists' by Stanford University, California, USA; ScholarGPS™ (USA) World's Top 0.05% or better Highly Ranked Scholar- Lifetime™; and 'Clarivate's Highly Cited Researchers.' His inclusion in these prestigious databases is a testament to his exceptional contributions to global research.","institutionString":"King George's Medical University","institution":null},{"id":"441033","title":null,"name":"Gabriel","middleName":null,"surname":"Mustatea","slug":"gabriel-mustatea","fullName":"Gabriel Mustatea","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F441033\u002F1734032538\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Gabriel Mustățea is a Scientific researcher and head of the Food packaging Laboratory within the National R&D Institute for Food Bioresources – IBA Bucharest, Romania. He received a B.Sc. degree and an M.Sc. degree in Food Chemistry from the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science (currently named Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies). In 2014, he received a Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering at the same university. His interests are related to food packaging and food contact materials, food safety and food security, food technology, analysis of contaminants, circular economy, and food waste. \r\nHe published more than 50 papers (more than 20 WoS), 1 book chapter, and several books and brochures in Romanian. He was involved as a project responsible or team member in more than 50 research projects (more than 10 at the international level).","institutionString":"National R&D Institute for Food Bioresources, Romania","institution":null},{"id":"519318","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ioana Mihaela","middleName":null,"surname":"Balan","slug":"ioana-mihaela-balan","fullName":"Ioana Mihaela Balan","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F519318\u002F1734030997\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Assoc. Professor, PhD, DHC at University of Life Sciences \"King Mihai I\" from Timisoara – Romania. Holds double specialization in Economics (Quality Management) and Animal Sciences. Is author of several scientific papers and books in the field of food security and food quality management. Is active in several national and international projects as expert in quality management, and food security, and Erasmus invited professor at universities from Asia, Africa and Europe. Is reviewer for several international journals from Europe, Africa and Asia and evaluator-rapporteur for the Executive Agency for the Financing of Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (UEFISCDI), Invited professor at Tbilisi Teaching University - Tbilisi, Georgia and at Uele University - Isiro, DR Congo.\nDoctor Honoris Causa of Tbilisi Teaching University - Tbilisi, Georgia.","institutionString":"UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES \"KING MIHAI I\" FROM TIMISOARA.","institution":null},{"id":"572587","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Akungah","middleName":null,"surname":"O'Nyangeri","slug":"akungah-o'nyangeri","fullName":"Akungah O'Nyangeri","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F572587\u002F1734032545\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"PHD student at the University of Nairobi. Research interests include translation, interpretation, intercultural communication and pragmatics","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Nairobi","country":{"name":"Kenya"}}},{"id":"10864","title":"Prof.","name":"Levente","middleName":null,"surname":"Hufnagel","slug":"levente-hufnagel","fullName":"Levente Hufnagel","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F10864\u002F1739613577\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Levente Hufnagel is a full professor and the head of the Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Ecotheology of the John Wesley Theological College (Budapest, Hungary), working on ecology, biogeography, ecological research methodology, ecotheology and sustainability with over 20 years of experience at leading Hungarian academic institutions teaching PhD, MSc and BSc students from various social and cultural backgrounds, having more than 260 scientific publications (in both aquatic and terrestrial ecological aspects of plants, animals and microbes, at the community as well as population level) and more than 1500 independent citations. As a participant in several big ecological research and development projects, he has significant experience in multidisciplinary cooperation (with more than 200 coauthors in different publications). As the supervisor of several PhD, BSc and MSc theses and as editor-in-chief of an international scientific journal indexed by Web of Science and Scopus, he has wide supervising and editing experience. Dr. Hufnagel graduated from Eötvös Lorand University in Hungary with a Master's degree in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and PhD degree in Hydrobiology; he also graduated from Szent István University in Hungary with PhD degree in Agricultural Science and with other degrees from the Corvinus University of Budapest and Adventist Theological College.","institutionString":"John Wesley Theological College, Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Ecotheology","institution":null},{"id":"594190","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Ilda","middleName":null,"surname":"Vagge","slug":"ilda-vagge","fullName":"Ilda Vagge","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F594190\u002F1742557169\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Ilda Vagge, Professor of Environmental and Applied Botany at the University of Milan from 2001. Graduated with honours in Natural Sciences (University of Genoa) in the 1991. Doctorate in “Plant Biology and Ecology in Mediterranean Environments” in the 1995 (University of Catania). Postdoctoral Fellowship in Plant Biology at the University of Ancona (1996-98). The main fields of research concern: Geobotany - vegetation and landscape patterns in coastal areas, in river areas, in mountain areas with the integration of geomorphological and pedological data; Botany and geobotany applied - cartography of vegetation, assessment of environmental quality in natural, semi-natural and anthropogenic habitats, estimation and analysis of biodiversity at the level of species and ecosystems, nature conservation, control and monitoring of invasive species; Landscape ecology, environmental design, urban ecology.","institutionString":"University of Milan, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Italy","institution":null},{"id":"278258","title":"Dr.","name":"Emmanuel","middleName":"Temiotan","surname":"Ogbomida","slug":"emmanuel-ogbomida","fullName":"Emmanuel Temiotan Ogbomida","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F278258\u002F1734011574\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Dr. Emmanuel Temiotan Ogbomida is a distinguished academician and researcher whose expertise spans the fields of ecotoxicology, environmental forensics, and innovation. With a relentless commitment to advancing knowledge and fostering sustainable solutions, Dr. Ogbomida holds prominent roles at prestigious institutions in Zambia, Japan, and Nigeria. As the Director of Research, Innovation, and Consultancy at the esteemed Copperbelt University in Zambia, Dr. Ogbomida plays a pivotal role in shaping research agendas, fostering innovation, and facilitating consultancy services. His leadership has been instrumental in enhancing the university's research capabilities and fostering collaborations with national and international partners.\n\nIn addition to his role at Copperbelt University, Dr. Ogbomida serves as an Associate Professor of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Forensics and holds the position of Deputy Director of Research and Development at the National Centre for Energy and Environment, University of Benin, Nigeria. In this capacity, he spearheads initiatives aimed at addressing environmental challenges, promoting sustainable development, and advancing scientific knowledge in Nigeria and beyond. Dr. Ogbomida's visionary leadership extends beyond traditional academic boundaries. He is renowned for his pioneering efforts in establishing Mukuba Unipod, an Innovation Hub at Copperbelt University, in collaboration with the UNDP Accelerator Lab. This initiative reflects his dedication to fostering a culture of innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge exchange to address contemporary societal challenges.\n\nAt the forefront of research and innovation, Dr. Ogbomida's work encompasses a diverse array of topics, ranging from environmental pollution and toxicology to renewable energy and sustainable development. His interdisciplinary approach and collaborative ethos have earned him recognition as a thought leader in his field, inspiring the next generation of scholars and innovators to make meaningful contributions to society. Driven by a passion for excellence and a commitment to making a positive impact, Dr. Ogbomida continues to push the boundaries of knowledge, innovation, and sustainable development, leaving an indelible mark on academia and society as a whole.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Copperbelt University","country":{"name":"Zambia"}}},{"id":"224586","title":"Prof.","name":"Emad","middleName":"F","surname":"Saleh","slug":"emad-saleh","fullName":"Emad F Saleh","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F224586\u002F1726047048\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Fayoum University","country":{"name":"Egypt"}}},{"id":"173962","title":"Dr.","name":"Marjan","middleName":null,"surname":"Jenko","slug":"marjan-jenko","fullName":"Marjan Jenko","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F173962\u002F1720666527\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"MARJAN JENKO received the M.Sc. E.E. degree from the University of Ljubljana, and the Ph.D. E.E. degree from Boston University, Boston. He started his career at the Iskra Microelectronics Divi-sion, Ljubljana, then joined RF Power Products Inc., Voorhees, NJ, then joined System Chip, Los Gatos, CA. Now he is with the University of Ljubljana. He has been teaching circuit theory and pro-gramming engineering for the last ten years. He has been developing multi discipline projects for the education of engineering, IT, and product design students. His current work encompasses the design and optimization of product and manufacturing parameters for robust production. His research fields include control theory, distributed applications for management and control, methods of design for robust production and product maintenance, algorithms for process simulation, and technical educa-tion.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Ljubljana","country":{"name":"Slovenia"}}},{"id":"180613","title":"Dr.","name":"Kasturi","middleName":null,"surname":"Singh","slug":"kasturi-singh","fullName":"Kasturi Singh","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F180613\u002F1734030773\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":null,"institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Exeter","country":{"name":"United Kingdom"}}},{"id":"215338","title":"Prof.","name":"Rui Alexandre","middleName":null,"surname":"Castanho","slug":"rui-alexandre-castanho","fullName":"Rui Alexandre Castanho","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F215338\u002F1734438048\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.png","biography":"Rui Alexandre Castanho holds an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. He is Vice-Dean for Sustainable Development, WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is also a European Climate Pact Ambassador. Dr. Castanho completed a postdoctoral research appointment on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Portugal. He is the vice-coordinator of the VALORIZA - Research Centre for Endogenous Resource, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal, and collaborates with the Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Portugal, and the AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. Dr. Castanho was awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa by the Peruvian University of Science and Informatics (UPCI).","institutionString":"WSB University, Dabrowa Górnicza-Poland and VALORIZA Research Center, IPP, Portalegre-Portugal","institution":null},{"id":"248645","title":"Dr.","name":"Sérgio","middleName":null,"surname":"Lousada","slug":"sergio-lousada","fullName":"Sérgio Lousada","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F248645\u002F1746768394\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Sérgio António Neves Lousada holds an International PhD in Civil Engineering – Hydraulics from the University of Minho (UMinho) in Portugal and an International PhD in Sustainable Territorial Development from the University of Extremadura (UEx) in Spain. He has published articles and books and participated in events mainly in the areas of hydraulics, urban planning and land management. Furthermore, he collaborates with the Research Group on Environment and Spatial Planning (MAOT) - University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; CITUR-Madeira - Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation, Madeira, Portugal; RISCO - Civil Engineering Department of the University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; OSEAN – Outermost Regions Sustainable Ecosystem for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Madeira, Portugal. Moreover, he holds an International Interuniversity Master’s Degree in Ports and Coasts Engineering from the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) and the University of La Laguna (ULL), both in Spain.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Madeira","country":{"name":"Portugal"}}},{"id":"592904","title":"Ph.D. Student","name":"Eleni","middleName":"P","surname":"Kalliontzi","slug":"eleni-kalliontzi","fullName":"Eleni P Kalliontzi","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F592904\u002F1734032577\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"The undersigned obtained a Bachelor’s degree in \\'Computer Engineering and Telecommunications\\' from the Department of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications at the University of Western Macedonia. Continuing her academic journey, she successfully earned a Master\\'s degree in \\'Biomedical Engineering\\' from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the same university. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at the Department of Chemical Engineering, working on her doctoral dissertation titled \\'Analysis and Modeling of the Impact of Science and Technology Parks on Regional Development.\\' Her main focus is on actively participating in research programs and providing significant support to such projects. With continuous interest and dedication to the advancement of science and technology, she actively contributes to the development of knowledge and the successful implementation of research programs.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"University of Western Macedonia","country":{"name":"Greece"}}},{"id":"570572","title":"Associate Prof.","name":"Noha","middleName":"Essam","surname":"Khamis","slug":"noha-khamis","fullName":"Noha Essam Khamis","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F570572\u002F1729667757\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Noha Essam, PhD\nAssoc. Professor of Interior Architecture & Interdisciplinary Design, Strategic Foresight Consultant, Environmental Psychologist. Founder of Studio ne+\n\nDr. Noha Essam is an award winning design academic, Interdisciplinary designer, Foresight consultant, and environmental psychologist. She serves as a design professor and an educational consultant at a number of reputable universities in Egypt and abroad. She received the leadership accolade of WDO for her excellence in the design driven foresight research in the design education context that works in alignment with the UNDP. She is a member of African Circular Economic Network (ACEN). She is also a Global Ambassador and Advocate of Sustainability. She is the founder of Studio ne+ where she bring in how to move the masses and change behaviour through her foresight based design approach and trend forecasting techniques that tackle design from different context and perspective. Her researches develop better understandings of the relations between sustainable design education, and the creative industry with a focus on the multidisciplinary studies of future literacy and speculation. Dr. Noha’s consultancy practices side to side with her academic background enhances the language of creativity in the design community. Her fusion of experiencing multidisciplinary study areas and diverse perspectives was a process of unravelling of potentials and giving free play to her creative mind while considering the practical human experience that are at the core of her approach. She has many international publications in interdisciplinary studies. Her researches develop better understandings of the relations between design education, and the creative industry with a focus on the multidisciplinary studies of future literacy and speculation.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Effat University","country":{"name":"Saudi Arabia"}}},{"id":"313341","title":"Ph.D.","name":"Yaroslava","middleName":null,"surname":"Robles-Bykbaev","slug":"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev","fullName":"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F313341\u002F1719376675\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Yaroslava Robles Bykbaev, born in Cuenca in 1982, holds a Ph.D. in Health Sciences from the University of La Coruña-Spain, a master’s in health research from the University of Cuenca-Ecuador, a master’s in medical anthropology and international health from the University Rovira I Virgili-Spain, a master’s in cell biology and cytogenetics from the ESNECA Group-Spain, and a medical doctor degree from the University of Cuenca-Ecuador. She was also a professor in psychophysiology, bio-histology, anatomy and physiology, anatomy, research methodology, biology, and biostatistics. She has taught research methodology in cultural management, psychology, intercultural health, and public health in various universities.\nYaroslava Robles Bykbaev is a member of the UNESCO Chair of the Politecnica Salesiana University; she has directed the project on sexual and reproductive health for deaf people in Cuenca, has been a director and is currently co-director of the project on sexual health and self-care for the prevention of sexual violence in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in the framework of the Solidarity Fund for Innovative Projects (PISSCA) through the cooperation and cultural action of the French Embassy in Ecuador. She has contributed as co-author and author to approximately 30 scientific publications in the fields of statistics, inclusive education, stem cell culture, and social and cultural anthropology. These publications focus on the visibility of problems in the field of public health and focus on the creation of proposals to improve community health.\nDr. Yaroslava Robles Bykbaev is an active member of the NODO Ecuadorian Network of Women Scientists (REMCI) (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.remci.org\u002Faliadas). She was part of the traveling exhibition of Women Scientists of Ecuador in the framework of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, corresponding to the exhibition called Women Protagonists of Science: The Scientific Footprint of Women in Ecuador from February 10 to 25, 2022, in Cuenca, Ecuador.","institutionString":"Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña","institution":{"name":"Politecnica Salesiana University","country":{"name":"Ecuador"}}},{"id":"197609","title":"Dr.","name":"Taha Selim","middleName":null,"surname":"Ustun","slug":"taha-selim-ustun","fullName":"Taha Selim Ustun","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F197609\u002F1747709791\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Taha Selim Ustun received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. He is currently a senior researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute (FREA), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Before that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, Europe, and North America. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids.","institutionString":"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST, Japan","institution":null},{"id":"514617","title":"Dr.","name":"Allincia","middleName":null,"surname":"Michaud","slug":"allincia-michaud","fullName":"Allincia Michaud","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F514617\u002F1718772349\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Allincia Michaud, MD, MPH, is a senior clinical postdoctoral research fellow at St. Luke’s University Health Network, where she is engaged in various multidisciplinary research projects. Her research collaborations involve research protocol development, data evaluation, advanced analytics, and manuscript writing and editing. She’s a proficient reviewer, editor, and author of several publications in reputed journals and has presented at various conferences. Additionally, she is also the managing editor of the International Journal of Academic Medicine (IJAM). She has a keen interest in international health, preventive medicine, the management of chronic diseases, health literacy, and the mitigation of health disparities.","institutionString":"St. Luke's University Health Network","institution":{"name":"St. Luke's University Health Network","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"534287","title":"Mr.","name":"Jibrailu L.","middleName":"Lot","surname":"Maliyogbinda","slug":"jibrailu-l.-maliyogbinda","fullName":"Jibrailu L. Lot Maliyogbinda","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F534287\u002F1718772331\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Jibrailu has over 19 years of combined experience in Pharma industry, international development, and technical services with focus on procurement, logistics & supply chain management, project management and health systems and workforce development. Since 2014, Jibrailu has been working on projects funded by TGF, DFID, The Gates Foundation and The World Bank Group. Jibrailu L. Maliyogbinda, Sr has demonstrated expertise and experience in developing health systems, health workforce and supply chain solutions for low and middle-income countries through leading and managing, stakeholders engagement, teamwork, innovation, relationship and change management, performance management and continuous improvement by adapting global standards and best practices to local and specific in-country situations to achieve stakeholder satisfaction, improved performance and life changing impact at value for money cost.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Texila American University","country":{"name":"Guyana"}}},{"id":"187625","title":"Dr.","name":"Stanislaw P.","middleName":null,"surname":"Stawicki","slug":"stanislaw-p.-stawicki","fullName":"Stanislaw P. Stawicki","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F187625\u002F1753965084\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, MD, MBA, FACS, FAIM is Chair of the Department of Research of Innovation, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He is Professor of Surgery at Temple University School of Medicine. Dr. Stawicki is Edited or Co-Edited more than 30 books, including multiple volumes of patient safety, medical leadership, medical education, and advanced technologies (including artificial intelligence and blockchain in healthcare). He is a member of multiple editorial boards and has co-authored nearly 800 publications. He has given a multitude of scientific presentations, participated on various State, National, and International committees and task forces, and is Board Certified in General Surgery and Surgical Critical Care.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"St. Luke's University Health Network","country":{"name":"United States of America"}}},{"id":"348038","title":"Dr.","name":"Feyza","middleName":null,"surname":"Bhatti","slug":"feyza-bhatti","fullName":"Feyza Bhatti","position":null,"cdnProfilePictureURL":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnintech.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fauthor\u002F348038\u002F1748344597\u002Fprofile\u002Fimage1.jpg","biography":"Dr. Feyza Bhatti is a mixed-methods social science researcher with substantive experience and interest in gender studies, particularly focusing on understanding the gendered nature of workplaces, gender inequalities, and the social and work experiences of women, men, and marginalised groups in developing countries. After completing her BA and MS in Economics, she earned her Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. She is currently the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Business, Director of the Centre for Gender Studies, and Director of the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research at Girne American University, Cyprus.","institutionString":null,"institution":{"name":"Girne American University","country":{"name":"Cyprus"}}}]}},"subseries":{"item":{"id":"116","type":"subseries","title":"Production Engineering","keywords":"Industrial Revolutions, Production Planning, Production Control, Operations Research, Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Ergonomics, Facility Management, Quality Engineering, Project Management, Data Science, Machine Learning, Automation, Just-in-Time Manufacturing, Lean Manufacturing, Flexible Manufacturing System, Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Agile Manufacturing","scope":"\u003Cp\u003E\n\tProduction engineering combines manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and the optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. It is concerned with the comprehension and implementation of engineering techniques in manufacturing processes and methods of production. The objective is to increase efficiency, enhance production effectiveness, quality control, and lower costs while making goods more appealing and marketable. The development, improvement, and execution of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, as well as analysis and synthesis, are all concerns of production engineering. These concepts comprise mathematical, physical, and social sciences, as well as engineering design approaches for specifying, predicting, and evaluating the outcomes of systems or processes that are presently in existence or being produced. 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He worked with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He led research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. 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