Constructing a balanced portfolio within your Retirement Group Plan

These days not many Canadians have retirement pensions. In lieu of pensions some employers offer Retirement Group Plans to their employees. 

Both my wife and I are lucky to have access to Retirement Group Plans via our employers. As is typical with these plans the employee contributes to his/her RRSP (within the plan) and the employer matches that contribution up to a maximum percentage of the annual base salary. For example, if the employee contributes 6%, the employer contributes another 6%. The employer caps its contribution at a predefined percentage. I have seen employer contributions typically capped at around 5% - 6%.

These plans are typically administered by an insurance company and have a small choice of segregated funds from which to pick from. The fees of these funds are not great; but there is always room for some “fee optimization” if you browse through all the funds that are offered.

We set on a quest to construct a balanced and diversified portfolio within our plans (administered by Manulife and Sunlife respectively). This kind of portfolio allocates 60% to equities and 40% to bonds. The equity portion is divided equally between American, Canadian and International stocks.

In the spreadsheet below you can see how we constructed the portfolios and more importantly you can see the individual funds fees and the total portfolio fee. I put together another post explaining how to calculate the total fee of any portfolio in case you want to give it a quick read.

You will notice that these funds require you to pay sales taxes. The exact value of what you pay is dictated by the “place of supply” rules and it is very hard to estimate. In the worst case scenario you will pay 15% sales tax; but in general it will be lower than that. I assumed a 15% sales tax for my calculations.

In the spreadsheet you will see the acronyms IMF (Investment Management Fee) and FMF (Fund Management Fees). They mean loosely the same and can be compared with the Management Expense Ratio (MER) of an Exchange Traded Fund (ETF).

The Manulife Balanced Portfolio has a total fee of roughly 0.40%. The Sunlife Balanced Portfolio had a total fee of roughly 0.30%.  As a point of comparison a similar portfolio constructed via ETFs will have a MER ranging from 0.17% - 0.22%. 

The fees are not great, granted; but the employer’s top up makes it worthwhile. Rebalancing these portfolios requires some work (but not much). You have to make sure you do not trigger short-term trading penalties (totally doable). We are rebalancing our portfolios once a year.

I hope this was useful. Drop a note in the comments section if you have some questions or want to contribute your own ideas. And finally, do not consider this to be investment advice of any kind. I am not an investment advisor and my knowledge of the markets is amateurish.

How to calculate the MER of an investment portfolio constructed from individual funds?

A portfolio can be put together by aggregating various independent funds, each of which carries its own fees.



These fees are expressed as an annual percentage of the value of the fund. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) and Mutual Funds normally use the term Management Expense Ratio (MER) to refer to these fees. Funds accessible via Group Plans might refer to them as Fund Management Fees (FMF) or Investment Management Fee (IMF).



Moving forward in this article I will be using the term MER when referring to either of them. This is just a simplification and the reader must infer that the right terminology depends on the type of fund.



The MER of a portfolio can be calculated by knowing the MERs and allocation percentages of the underlying funds. The formula below can be used for such purpose:




MER(P)  = MER(F1) * A (F1) + MER(F2) * A (F2) + … MER(Fn) * A (Fn)






Where:

• P is the portfolio.


• F1, F2, …Fn are the underlying funds of the portfolio; for a total of n underlying funds.


• MER(P) is the MER of the portfolio.


• MER(Fn) is the MER of fund Fn; with n =1, 2…, n.


• A(Fn) is the allocation target (in percentage) of fund Fn; with n =1, 2…, n. The sum of all allocation targets should be 100%. In other words, A (F1) + A (F2) + …+ A (Fn) = 100%.

For example:



Let’s consider a portfolio containing 7 underlying funds as in the table below:

Symbol	Allocation	MER
VUN	23.70%	0.16%
VAB	23.60%	0.13%
VCN	18.20%	0.06%
VIU	13.80%	0.23%
VBG	9.20%	0.38%
VBU	7.20%	0.22%
VEE	4.30%	0.24%


MER(P) = MER(VUN) * A(VUN) +  MER(VAB) * A(VAB) +  MER(VCN) * A(VCN) +  MER(VIU) * A(VIU) +  MER(VBG) * A(VBG) +  MER(VBU) * A(VBU) +  MER(VEE) * A(VEE)



MER(P) = 0.16%*23.70% + 0.13% * 23.60% + 0.06% * 18.20% + 0.23%*13.80% + 0.38% * 9.20% + 0.22% * 7.20% + 0.24% * 4.30%



MER(P) = 3.792%% + 3.068%% + 1.092%% + 3.174%% + 3.496%% + 1.584%% + 1.032%%



MER(P) = 17.238%%



MER(P) = 17.238 / 100 %



MER(P) = 0.17238%



MER(P) = ~0.17%



The MER of the portfolio above is approximately 0.17%. It resembles the underlying composition and allocation targets used in VBAL.

Conclusion: the MER of a portfolio as a whole can be calculated by applying a simple formula that takes the MERs and allocation targets of each underlying fund as input. This calculation provides DYI investors with a way to assess how expensive a portfolio is.

The MER of a VBAL-like portfolio constructed from VBAL constituents

You can construct your own DIY portfolio by sticking to the same underlying ETFs (and allocations) used by the Vanguard Balanced ETF Portfolio (VBAL). At the time of writing the MER of this portfolio that uses VBAL as a template is 0.05% cheaper than VBAL itself.

The spreadsheet below calculates the MER of the VBAL like portfolio by using data contained in the factsheets of VBAL and its underlying funds.  For more details refer to How to calculate the MER of an investment portfolio constructed from individual funds?

If you invest $100 for 20 years this extra cost (0.05%) means you are forgoing $1 in returns for the whole two decades period. This is not bad at all considering that having one found that rebalances itself (as opposed to 7 individual funds) will save you money in trading commissions. Not to mention that it will simplify considerably your investment process.

I would stick with VBAL unless the size of your portfolio is large enough so that the gross impact of that 0.05% can be felt. Also, as your portfolio grows you might want to diversify to other asset classes beyond the basic constituents of VBAL. With a large portfolio you might want to take control of the rebalancing process in the hope of limiting The Luck of the Rebalance Timing. You might prefer your own portfolio in the hope of making it more tax efficient than VBAL; but again, this makes more sense with larger portfolios.

As conclusion: VBAL is a simple and inexpensive option to implement a globally diversified and balanced portfolio with a 60/40 split between stocks and bonds. The 0.05% that you can save by implementing your own portfolio (using VBAL as template) can be thought as the cost for having automatic rebalancing and limiting the trade activity.

The cost of converting Canadian Dollars to American Dollars with Norbert's Gambit

On Feb 26th, 2019, I initiated my first Norbert's Gambit at National Bank Direct Brokerage (NBDB).  The purpose was to exchange over 55k worth of Canadian Dollars (CAD) to American Dollars (USD) within my RRSP account. (Side story: I used the greenbacks to invest in a leveraged implementation of Dual Momentum)

My RRSP account at NBDB is segregated into two sub-accounts: a Canadian Dollar RRSP sub-account and a US Dollar RRSP sub-account.

The original funds were in my Canadian Dollar RRSP. There I bought 4,274 shares of DLR at $13.290 CAD; for a grand total of $56,801.46 CAD. 

I waited until the day after my trade settled (March 1st, 2019) and called NBDB requesting to transfer all 4,274 shares of DLR from my Canadian Dollar RRSP to the  US Dollar RRSP (resulting in 4,274 shares of DLR.U being transferred into the a US Dollar RRSP). I also asked them to include a note in the system so that I could sell all the 4,274 shares of DLR.U that same day. 

Shorty after the call I sold the 4,274 shares of DLR.U at $10.06491 USD for a grand total of $43,017.43 USD.

In summary, I got $43,017.43 USD for my original $56,801.46 CAD.

There were no transaction costs because trading more than a 100 shares of any ETF is free at NBDB.

The bid/ask spread when I bought DLR.TO was $0.01 CAD; incurring in a cost of $42.74 CAD because I bought at the ask price. 

The bid/ask spread when I sold DLR.U.TO was $0.01 USD; incurring in a cost of $42.74 USD because I sold at the bid price. Converted to CAD using the Bank of Canada (BoC) rate on March 1st ($1 CAD -> $0.7541 USD) this cost rounds to $56.68 CAD.

The MER of these ETFs is 0.56% annually; which translates to a cost of 0.0046% (3 * 0.56% / 365) of the market value for holding it 3 days.  For simplification let’s say we apply this tiny percentage to the initial dollar CAD amount: 0.0046% x $56,801.46 CAD = $2.61 CAD.

If the ETF was trading at a premium; then there would be a cost associated with such premium. I honestly don’t know whether the ETFs were trading for a premium or at a discount at the time I executed my trades.  If you execute Norbert's Gambit many times over your life as an investor; then this cost would probably balance itself.  So, I will assume this cost to be zero given that sometimes you would buy at a premium incurring in a cost or buy at a discount pocketing a gain.

Beyond the “typical” costs we need consider the capital gain or loss incurred by holding the ETFs for 3 days (the Forex market keeps moving). Here again I would simplify things by assuming that either the CAD/USD pair did not move significantly during these 3 days or that over a lifetime of executions of Norbert's Gambits the capital gains and losses would balance themselves.

So far the “approximate” “theoretical” cost of my Norbert's Gambit comes to $102.03 for exchanging 56,801.46 CAD. In percentage this cost rounds to 0.18% of the amount I exchanged.

That’s the theory, but what about in practice?

The BoC CAD/USD rate on Feb 26 was 0.7579 ($1 CAD -> $0.7579 USD). If we use this rate for our estimation, then we could have converted $56,801.46 CAD into $43,049.83 USD on Feb 26. This number is very close to the real amount of dollars I ultimately got converted ($43,017.43 USD). The difference is minus $32.40 USD; which could be interpreted as a “cost” of $32.40 USD ($42.97 CAD if we use the BoC exchange rate of March 1st). In percentage this cost rounds to 0.08% ($42.97 CAD / $56,801.46 CAD) of the amount I exchanged.

There are lots of simplifications and assumptions in the math above; but they are not outrageously out of place. My goal was not to calculate the cost of the Norbert's Gambit with scientific precision; but to show that it is a very cheap strategy to convert CAD to USD dollars and vice versa.

How to deposit US cash into Tangerine’s USD Savings Account?

This can only be done indirectly as far as I know.  I opened an RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account and deposited the American dollars into it by visiting an RBC branch (the teller would do this for you)

I already had a USD Savings Account with Tangerine. In the past I had funded this account via cheques that I received. This time I had some leftover USD cash from a vacation and I wanted to deposit that back into Tangerine (and collect some interest until my next vacation). The problem though is that Tangerine does not have physical branches and so I was stuck with the cash. 

I figured that I could transfer the money from the RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account into the Tangerine’s USD Savings Account. To achieve this you need to add the RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account as an external account in Tangerine. This is the link where you can do that: https://www.tangerine.ca/app/#/settings/external-accounts (you will need to log in with your credentials)

As part of the process Tangerine would make two small deposits into the RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account and you’ll need to type those numbers into the linked-to-be external account in Tangerine. Be careful to enter the right numbers (do not make a typo) and a second later you would have added/linked the RBC account as an external account in Tangerine.

After this simply “Move Money” from the RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account into the Tangerine’s USD Savings Account. It should take a few days for the money to be transferred from one institution to the other.

I know this works, because I did it myself a week ago. 

Why did I bother? Well the RBC U.S. High Interest eSavings account has an interest rate of 0.25% while the Tangerine’s USD Savings Account offers at this time 0.80%. Also, Tangerine offers US Dollar Guaranteed Investment (US$ GIC) that I wanted to use. I actually locked the cash for 6 months at an interest rate of 1.75%. I know I won’t need this cash for at least another 6 months; so that’s why I picked the 6 month term. Not sure why Tangerine does not publicly posts the rates of the US$ GICs under one year; but Tangerine offers those as well. 

They had as of today:

• 90 days US$ GIC   – 1.00%


• 180 days US$ GIC – 1.75%


• 270 days US$ GIC – 2.00%

All other terms and interests rates can be found here: https://www.tangerine.ca/en/rates/index.html



If you do not have a Tangerine account and want to open one please consider using my Orange Key: 40030923S1. We could both be rewarded with some signing bonus cash if you do that. Click here to start the process of opening a Tangerine account.