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.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs .ubermenu-tabs-group > .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { font-weight:normal; }
.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab > .ubermenu-target { color:#bcbcbc; }
.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { color:#dbdbdb; }
.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-parent > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu-main .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { color:#dbdbdb; background-color:#000000; }
.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target { background-color:#000000; }
.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tab-content-panel { background-color:#000000; }
.ubermenu.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-tabs-group { border-color:#515151; }
.ubermenu-main .ubermenu-item-level-0.ubermenu-has-submenu-drop > .ubermenu-target > .ubermenu-sub-indicator { color:#d3d3d3; }

/** UberMenu Custom Menu Item Styles (Menu Item Settings) **/
/* 32855 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32855 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; }
/* 32856 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32856 { min-width:1px; }
.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32856 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#3f3f3f; }
/* 32852 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32852 { min-width:1px; }
.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32852 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#262626; }
/* 32851 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32851 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; }
/* 32912 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32912 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:; background-color:#000000; }
/* 33110 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33110 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33179 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33179 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33186 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33186 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33209 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33209 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33238 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33238.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:25px; }
/* 33243 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33243 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33266 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33266 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-safety-background-image.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33290 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33290 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33302 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33302.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:50px; }
/* 33305 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33305 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33401 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33401 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33476 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33476 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33443 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33443 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/radioactive-decay-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33501 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33501.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:30px; }
/* 33555 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33555 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/shielding-radiation-background2.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33709 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33709 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33773 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-33773.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:20px; }
/* 33823 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33823 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33865 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33865 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/nuclear-safety-background-min-1.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33926 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33926 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/fluid-dynamics-background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33929 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33929 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34165 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165 > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165 > .ubermenu-content-block,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34165.ubermenu-custom-content-padded { padding:70px; }
/* 34020 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34020 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34221 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34221 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/material-strength-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34257 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34257 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34268 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34268 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/iron-carbon-system-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34295 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34295 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34314 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34314 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34646 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34646 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/radiation-all-around-us.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34726 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34726 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34705 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34705 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 33606 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-33606 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34773 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34773 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34137 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34137 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/background-mini.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34315 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34315 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/fracture-mechanics-background.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 34625 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-34625 { background-image:url(https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/submenu-min.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:bottom right; background-size:auto; }
/* 35069 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; }
.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35069.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { background:#4267b2; }
/* 35071 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; }
.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-current-menu-item > .ubermenu-target,.ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-35071.ubermenu-current-menu-ancestor > .ubermenu-target { background:#ff0000; }
/* 32903 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu.ubermenu-submenu-id-32903 { min-width:1px; }
/* 34872 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-34872 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; }
/* 32904 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-32904 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; }
/* 37478 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37478 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#1da1f2; }
/* 37477 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37477 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#ff0000; }
/* 37479 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37479 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#e1306c; }
/* 37476 */ .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476 > .ubermenu-target:hover, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476.ubermenu-active > .ubermenu-target, .ubermenu .ubermenu-submenu .ubermenu-item.ubermenu-item-37476 > .ubermenu-target:hover { background:#4267b2; }

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<button class="ubermenu-responsive-toggle ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main ubermenu-skin-black-silver ubermenu-loc-primary ubermenu-responsive-toggle-content-align-center ubermenu-responsive-toggle-align-full " tabindex="0" data-ubermenu-target="ubermenu-main-191-primary-2"><i class="fas fa-bars"></i>Knowledge Base</button><nav id="ubermenu-main-191-primary-2" class="ubermenu ubermenu-nojs ubermenu-main ubermenu-menu-191 ubermenu-loc-primary ubermenu-responsive ubermenu-responsive-single-column ubermenu-responsive-single-column-subs ubermenu-responsive-default ubermenu-responsive-collapse ubermenu-horizontal ubermenu-transition-shift ubermenu-trigger-hover_intent ubermenu-skin-black-silver ubermenu-has-border ubermenu-bar-align-full ubermenu-items-align-center ubermenu-bar-inner-center ubermenu-bound-inner ubermenu-disable-submenu-scroll ubermenu-hide-bkgs ubermenu-sub-indicators ubermenu-retractors-responsive ubermenu-submenu-indicator-closes"><ul id="ubermenu-nav-main-191-primary" 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https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2-150x150.png 150w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/neutron-cross-section-background2.png 360w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="300" alt="neutron cross-section – background2"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33730" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33730 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Chain Reaction & Reactivity</span><i class="ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down"></i></a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel 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class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="#"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini.png 437w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/chain-reaction-background-mini-300x152.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px" width="437" height="221" alt="chain reaction – background – mini"/></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33752" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33752 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target 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Balance</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33753" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33753 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/ficks-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Fick’s Law</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33754" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33754 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/diffusion-coefficient/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title 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class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33950" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33950 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/first-law-of-thermodynamics/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">First Law of Thermodynamics</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33953" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33953 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" 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class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background.png 186w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/thermodynamics-background-161x300.png 161w" data-sizes="(max-width: 186px) 100vw, 186px" width="186" height="346" alt="thermodynamics – background"/></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-33929" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33929 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Processes and Cycles</span><i class="ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down"></i></a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33929 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34007 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34007"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34007 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33957" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33957 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Theory of Ideal Gases</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33957 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33958" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33958 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/what-is-ideal-gas/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Ideal Gas</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33959" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33959 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column 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ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/validity-ideal-gas-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Validity of Ideal Gas Law</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33962" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33962 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/joules-second-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Joule’s Second Law</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33963" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33963 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal 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class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33968 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/guy-lussacs-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Guy-Lussac’s Law</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33967" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33967 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/ideal-gas-law/gas-laws/charless-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Charles’s Law</span></a></li><li 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ubermenu-target-text">Reversible Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33972" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33972 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/irreversible-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Irreversible Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33973" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33973 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/cyclic-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Cyclic Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33974" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33974 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isentropic-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Isentropic Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33976" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33976 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isothermal-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Isothermal Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33975" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33975 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/adiabatic-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Adiabatic Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33977" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33977 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isobaric-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Isobaric Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33978" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33978 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/isochoric-process-isometric-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Isochoric Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33979" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33979 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/polytropic-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Polytropic Process</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33980" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33980 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-processes/throttling-process-isenthalpic-process/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Isenthalpic Process</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34008 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34008"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34008 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33981" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-33981 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Thermodynamic Cycles</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-33981 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33982" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33982 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/carnot-cycle-carnot-heat-engine/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Carnot Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33983" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33983 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/otto-cycle-otto-engine/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Otto Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33984" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33984 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/atkinson-cycle-atkinson-engine/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Atkinson Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33985" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33985 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/diesel-cycle-diesel-engine/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Diesel Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33986" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33986 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/dual-cycle-limited-pressure-cycle/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Dual Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33987" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33987 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/brayton-cycle-gas-turbine-engine/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Brayton Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33988" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33988 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/ericsson-cycle-theory-and-efficiency/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Ericsson Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33989" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33989 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/rankine-cycle-steam-turbine-cycle/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Rankine Cycle</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-33990" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33990 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/heating-and-air-conditioning/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Heating and Air Conditioning</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34826 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34826"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34826 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-33991" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-33991 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/steam-tables/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Steam Tables</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34137" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34137 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Characteristic Numbers</span><i class="ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down"></i></a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34137 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34156 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34156"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34156 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34024" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34024 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Characteristic Numbers</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34024 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34025" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34025 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Reynolds Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34026" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34026 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-prandtl-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Prandtl Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34027" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34027 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-nusselt-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Nusselt Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34028" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34028 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-grashof-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Grashof Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34029" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34029 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-rayleigh-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Rayleigh Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34030" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34030 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-peclet-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Péclet Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34032" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34032 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-schmidt-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Schmidt Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34033" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34033 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-sherwood-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Sherwood Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34034" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34034 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-lewis-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Lewis Number</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34035" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34035 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/characteristic-numbers/what-is-eckert-number/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Eckert Number</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34165" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34165 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-full ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini.png 513w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/reynolds-number-mini-300x105.png 300w" data-sizes="(max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px" width="513" height="180" alt="reynolds number – mini"/></span></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34020" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34020 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Heat Transfer</span><i class="ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down"></i></a><ul class="ubermenu-tab-content-panel ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-4-5 ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34020 ubermenu-submenu-type-tab-content-panel ubermenu-submenu-bkg-img"><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34168 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34168"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34168 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34021" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children 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Heat</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34023" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34023 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/introduction-to-heat-transfer/heat-flux-density-thermal-flux/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Thermal Flux</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34093" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34093 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/heat-generation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title 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ubermenu-target-text">Natural Circulation</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34170 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34170"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34170 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34060" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34060 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-11-12 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-target-nowrap" href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Boiling and Condensation</span></a><ul 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class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34545 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/graphite-properties-application-price/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Graphite</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34546" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34546 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/helium-properties-applications-price-production/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Helium</span></a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34243" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom 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class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Zirconium Alloys</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34544" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34544 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-is-austenitic-stainless-steel-definition/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Stainless Steels</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-34543" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34543 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-9 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://material-properties.org/what-are-properties-of-inconel-718-nickel-based-superalloy-definition/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Inconel</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34534 ubermenu-item-level-5 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-2 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-34534"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-34534 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"><li id="menu-item-34535" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-34535 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-7 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto"><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://material-properties.org/gadolinium-properties-applications-price-production/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium ubermenu-image-lazyload" data-src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-300x300.png" data-srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-300x300.png 300w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production-150x150.png 150w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production.png 500w" data-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="300" alt="Gadolinium-properties-price-application-production"/></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-34257" class="ubermenu-tab ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-34257 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full ubermenu-has-submenu-drop" data-ubermenu-trigger="mouseover"><a class="ubermenu-target 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<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 30px;"><em>Never memorize something that you can look up.</em></p>
<span class="su-quote-cite">Albert Einstein</span></div></div>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>This website provides you with all the information and context you need to understand nuclear power. The best way to promote nuclear power is to present the facts.</em></p>
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<h1>A Brief Story of Technology</h1>
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<div class="table"><div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus-circle button_1 su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Reactor</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim">
<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/reactor-pressure-vessel/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Reactor Vessel</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor-core/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Reactor Core</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/control-rods/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Control Rods</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Fuel Assembly</strong></span></a></div>
___________<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Operation</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/reactor-stability/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Stability</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/neutron-diffusion-theory/reactor-thermal-power/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Thermal Power</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/fuel-consumption-of-conventional-reactor/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Consumption</strong></span></a></div></div></div><div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus-circle button_2 su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Steam Turbine</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/conventional-turbine-island/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Turbine Island</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Steam Turbine</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/turbine-trip/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Turbine Trip</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/cooling-system-circulating-water-system/cooling-towers-dry-wet-natural-draught/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Cooling Tower</strong></span></a></div>
___________<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Thermodynamics</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/rankine-cycle-steam-turbine-cycle/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Rankine Cycle</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/brayton-cycle-gas-turbine-engine/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Brayton Cycle</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/theory-of-steam-turbines-thermodynamics/thermal-efficiency-of-steam-turbine/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Efficiency</strong></span></a></div></div></div><div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus-circle button_3 su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Engineering</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Fluid Dynamics</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/reynolds-number/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Reynolds Number</strong></span></a></div>
___________<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Heat Transfer</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/heat-transfer/boiling-and-condensation/boiling-crisis-critical-heat-flux/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Boiling Crisis</strong></span></a></div>
___________<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-protection/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Radiation Protection</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Radiation Detection</strong></span></a></div></div></div><div class="su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus-circle button_4 su-spoiler-closed" data-scroll-offset="0"><div class="su-spoiler-title" tabindex="0" role="button"><span class="su-spoiler-icon"></span>Materials</div><div class="su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim"><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/steels-properties-of-steels/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Steels</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/stainless-steel/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Stainless Steels</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/zirconium-alloys/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Zirconium Alloys</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/titanium-alloys/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Titanium Alloys</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/metals-what-are-metals/alloys-composition-properties-of-metal-alloys/superalloys/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Superalloys</strong></span></a></div>___________<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/strength/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Strength</strong></span></a></div><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/materials-science/material-properties/toughness/" class="su-button su-button-style-soft su-button-wide" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ad1ff;border-color:#7ca8cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#b9dfff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:none;-moz-text-shadow:none;-webkit-text-shadow:none"> <strong>Toughness</strong></span></a></div></div></div></div>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-operation/normal-operation-reactor-control/load-following-power-plant/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ecaff;border-color:#7fa2cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#bcdaff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"> Load Follow</span></a></div></div></div>
<div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column"><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/reactor-dynamics/scram-reactor-trip/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ecaff;border-color:#7fa2cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#bcdaff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"> Reactor Trip</span></a></div></div></div>
<div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column"><div class="su-button-center"><a href="http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-system/what-is-steam-turbine-description-and-characteristics/turbine-trip/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#606060;background-color:#9ecaff;border-color:#7fa2cc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_self"><span style="color:#606060;padding:0px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:32px;border-color:#bcdaff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"> Turbine Trip</span></a></div></div></div>
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<p><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter wp-image-30117 size-full" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/reactor-steady-min.gif" alt="reactor - base load" width="316" height="261"/></p>
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<p><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-30131" src="https://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/turbine-steady-min-1.gif" alt="turbine - steady" width="456" height="261"/></p>
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<h1>A Brief Story of Energy</h1>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>To achieve a low-carbon economy without nuclear, renewable <a href="https://www.electricity-magnetism.org/">electricity</a> generation and storage must be really tremendous. </em></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>The uncomfortable truth of decarbonisation is we need to dig a lot of stuff out of the ground to make the world cleaner.</em></h3>
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<p><strong><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignright wp-image-36861 size-medium" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final-268x300.png" alt="Low-carbon economy - Energy sources and storage" width="268" height="300" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final-268x300.png 268w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final-915x1024.png 915w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final-768x859.png 768w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Low-carbon-economy-Energy-sources-and-storage-final.png 1101w" sizes="(max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px"/></a>Energy is essential</strong> for most activities of modern society. Access to abundant, affordable, secure, safe, and clean energy is beneficial for humans. We use energy in the form of firewood, fossil fuels, and electricity to make life comfortable and convenient. Every product you have at home is most likely made of materials, which were obtained from Earth using a lot of energy. At home, we use electricity for our lights and fans, water heater and room heaters, oven, microwave, washing machine, etc. We use petrol, diesel, CNG for our cars, trucks, buses, etc. A large amount of energy is consumed in agriculture and industry.</p>
<p>As of 2018, the world’s main <a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/what-is-energy-physics/primary-energy-sources/">primary energy sources</a> consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (27%), and natural gas (24%), amounting to an <strong>85% share for fossil fuels</strong> in primary energy consumption in the world. A large-scale transition away from fossil energy poses a <strong>great challenge for society</strong>. The current consumption of energy is tremendous. It is hard to imagine that we can rely on one source of energy.</p>
<p>Global direct primary energy consumption in 2020 was about 160,000 TWh (576 exajoules or 545 quadrillions BTU). Assuming that the calorific value of hard coal is 24 GJ / t, then we are talking about the equivalent of 24 billion metric tons of coal. That’s about 20 billion cubic meters. This is equivalent to three hundred million wagons of coal or to a mountain of coal 4 times larger than Mount Kilimanjaro.</p>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/low-carbon-economy-energy-sources-and-storage/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> Low-carbon Economy – Energy Sources and Storage</span></a></div>
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<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/how-much-energy-does-the-world-consume/">How much energy does the world consume?</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><b>Energy consumption is growing steadily.</b></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Global direct primary energy consumption in 2020 was about </em><strong><em>160,000 TWh</em></strong><em> (576 exajoules or 545 quadrillions BTU)</em><strong><em>.</em></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>This is equivalent to three hundred million wagons of coal or to a <strong>mountain of coal 4 times larger than Mount Kilimanjaro</strong>.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b>We are totally dependent on fossil fuels. </b></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">The world’s main primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (27%), and natural gas (24%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b></b></p></div></div>
<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/how-much-energy-does-the-world-consume/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> How much energy does the world consume?</span></a></div>
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<div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/how-much-energy-does-the-world-consume/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter wp-image-36696 size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-source-infographics.png" alt="Primary energy consumption by source - infographics" width="458" height="517" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-source-infographics.png 458w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-source-infographics-266x300.png 266w" sizes="(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px"/></a></div></div>
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<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/why-do-majority-of-fossil-fuels-need-to-stay-underground/">Why do majority of fossil fuels need to stay underground?</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Climate change is a real problem</strong> that you and especially your descendants will face. 90% of coal must remain unextracted and nearly 60% of oil and fossil methane gas must stay underground to have even a 50% chance of keeping global temperatures from rising 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13% per decade.</em><br/>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/why-do-majority-of-fossil-fuels-need-to-stay-underground/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> Why do majority of fossil fuels need to stay underground?</span></a></div>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/the-type-of-emissions-matters-co2-vs-so2-and-no2/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> The type of emissions matters.</span></a></div>
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<p><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/why-do-majority-of-fossil-fuels-need-to-stay-underground/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-36717" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-vs-temperature-climate-change.png" alt="CO2 emissions vs temperature - climate change" width="457" height="542" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-vs-temperature-climate-change.png 457w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-vs-temperature-climate-change-253x300.png 253w" sizes="(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px"/></a></p>
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<div class="su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-center" id="" style="font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px"><div class="su-heading-inner">
<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-are-the-primary-energy-sources/">What are the primary energy sources?</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Industry, transportation, and the residential sector consume even more primary resources than electricity generation.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>To achieve a low-carbon economy, electricity generation has to <strong>triple</strong> and it must be based on low-carbon sources.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>Hydrogen</strong> and <strong>electricity</strong> are produced from primary energy, we cannot say that they have the potential to offset fossil fuels. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>All energy transformations are associated with energy losses.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p></div></div>
<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-are-the-primary-energy-sources/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> What are the primary energy sources?</span></a></div>
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<div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-are-the-primary-energy-sources/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter wp-image-36695 size-full" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-sector-infographics.png" alt="Primary energy consumption by sector - infographics" width="459" height="542" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-sector-infographics.png 459w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Primary-energy-consumption-by-sector-infographics-254x300.png 254w" sizes="(max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px"/></a>
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<div class="su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-center" id="" style="font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px"><div class="su-heading-inner">
<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/energy-conversion-and-storage-efficiency/">Energy conversion and storage efficiency</a></h2>
</div></div>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Energy exists in many forms. All energy conversions are associated with significant energy losses.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>It is desirable to minimize the number of energy conversions and to use highly efficient conversions.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Daily energy storage does not pose a problem. The problem is energy storage to cover the whole year and seasons. </em></p>
</div></div>
<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/energy-conversion-and-storage-efficiency/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> Energy conversion and storage efficiency</span></a></div>
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<p><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/energy-conversion-and-storage-efficiency/"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-36715 aligncenter" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/energy-conversion-losses-infographics.png" alt="energy conversion losses - infographics" width="458" height="544" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/energy-conversion-losses-infographics.png 458w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/energy-conversion-losses-infographics-253x300.png 253w" sizes="(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px"/></a></p>
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<p> </p>
<div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights "><div class="inside-grid-column">
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<div class="su-heading su-heading-style-modern-1-dark su-heading-align-center" id="" style="font-size:13px;margin-bottom:20px"><div class="su-heading-inner">
<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-is-low-carbon-balanced-energy-mix/">What is the low-carbon balanced energy mix?</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Generation and consumption must be balanced across the entire grid because <strong>energy is consumed as it is produced</strong>. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Variable renewable energy sources are not dispatchable due to their fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. When it’s cloudy or the wind isn’t blowing, the grid needs more energy from other sources.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>The MIT analysis shows a big share of nuclear, a big share of renewables, and some storage is the best mix that is low-carbon, reliable, and at the lowest cost.</em><br/>
</p></div></div>
<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-is-low-carbon-balanced-energy-mix/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> What is low-carbon balanced energy mix?</span></a></div>
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<p><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/what-is-low-carbon-balanced-energy-mix/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-36716" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-by-source-infographics.png" alt="CO2 emissions by source - infographics" width="457" height="542" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-by-source-infographics.png 457w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CO2-emissions-by-source-infographics-253x300.png 253w" sizes="(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px"/></a></p>
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<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/current-nuclear-energy-to-phase-out-or-to-continue/">Current nuclear energy – to phase-out or to continue?</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Today’s majority of nuclear plants are approaching the end of their design life.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Taking out existing nuclear power plants completely destroys gains with renewables such as wind, biomass, and solar power.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>We have to make a final decision on the phase-out of the current nuclear. Indecision can cost us a lot. At present, nuclear energy has been declining for thirty years, and educational capacities and supply chains are in line with this.</em></p>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/current-nuclear-energy-to-phase-out-or-to-continue/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> to phase-out or to continue?</span></a></div>
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<p><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/current-nuclear-energy-to-phase-out-or-to-continue/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-36718" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/age-of-nuclear-reactors-in-world-infographics.png" alt="age of nuclear reactors in world - infographics" width="457" height="543" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/age-of-nuclear-reactors-in-world-infographics.png 457w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/age-of-nuclear-reactors-in-world-infographics-252x300.png 252w" sizes="(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px"/></a></p>
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<h2><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/future-of-nuclear-energy-costs-safety-sustainability/">Future of Nuclear Energy</a></h2>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">A big share of nuclear, a big share of renewables, and some storage is the best mix that is low-carbon, reliable, and at the lowest cost. Without nuclear, demands on the overcapacity of renewables, transmission system, and energy storage systems, would result in excessive use of land and resources. </span></em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Future Costs: Opportunities exist to significantly reduce the capital cost and shorten the construction schedule for new nuclear power plants.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Safety: Based on the entire life-cycle, fossil fuels are most dangerous, while nuclear and modern renewable energy sources are vastly safer and cleaner.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Sustainability: Nuclear energy is one of the few sustainable primary sources. It is the only controllable large-scale source that could complement variable renewable sources (wind and solar power), and that could ensure reliable 24/7 energy.</em></p>
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<div class="su-button-center"><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/future-of-nuclear-energy-costs-safety-sustainability/" class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style="color:#fafafa;background-color:#1e72bd;border-color:#185c98;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color:#fafafa;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#629dd1;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-moz-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070;-webkit-text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #707070"><i class="sui sui-file-text-o" style="font-size:16px;color:#f3f3f3"></i> Future of Nuclear Energy</span></a></div>
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<p><a href="https://www.nuclear-power.com/future-of-nuclear-energy-costs-safety-sustainability/"><img loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-36719" src="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Energy-mix-infographics.png" alt="Energy mix - infographics" width="457" height="545" srcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Energy-mix-infographics.png 457w, https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Energy-mix-infographics-252x300.png 252w" sizes="(max-width: 457px) 100vw, 457px"/></a></p>
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<h1>About us</h1>
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<p>This website was founded as a non-profit project, built entirely by a group of young engineers. The entire website is based on our personal perspectives and does not represent any company’s view in the energy industry.</p>
<p>The primary purpose of this project is to help the public to learn some exciting and important information about energy and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. We realize that the basics of nuclear physics do not belong to fundamental human knowledge and the term “nuclear” often evokes a feeling of something negative or even dangerous. We do not claim this or that opinion is the only correct opinion. But it is noteworthy that most nuclear engineers, people who know what nuclear means, do not connect the term “nuclear” with anything negative or dangerous.</p>
<p>Anyone can come here, learn the basics of nuclear and reactor physics, and be able to answer basic questions. The best way to promote nuclear power is to present the facts.</p></div></div>
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